. * N ^ A^^ 









.'\- 









■%'^^ 












\ « 



'*»,A- <.0 






"^. <.<^'' 



.\ 



D -Vjl 









^^<^^ 

,^^'V = 



.0 



"^^ 
















1 \ ^H 





















^^. 




■■,■■■ '^i \ /^j 






• ,0- 






V, 



.\0°^. 



'Ci-, 















^oo^ 



" * 






"^^^^ 



^^.^v 






A -r. ^ ,0 = ! 



^^^ v^^ 



■"oc 







'/, 






.J) 



•C;^ 



^'':i 



?:^ ■^>. 



"> 



"^. 



^ci- 



s^ \. 







.0^ 









^- 









^^. 






* 8 1 



^> 



■'^. ^.'i'- 



.A" "^ ^ ^ 






.0°^ 






. °^l^ * M o ' 






^ .^ 







IBepartmrnt of ^meriran Jl^istorp. 

2Enibrrsitg of ^cnnsglbania* 



OUTLINK OK IvKCTURKS 



ON 



AMERICAN POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 



DURING THE 



COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS, 



WITH REFERENCES FOR COLLATERAL READING. 



HERIVIAN VAN DEN BURG ANIES. 



1898, 



OCT 4 ib^B ''I 



Bepattment of i^merican ^istox^. 

mnibersitB of iPennsglbania- 



OUTLINK OK LKCTURKS 



ON 



AMERICAN POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 



DURING THE 



COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS, 

WITH REFERENCES FOR COLLATERAL READING. 



BY 



HERNIAN VANDENBURQ AMIES. 



1898. 



A si 



14974 



Copyright, 1898, 

BY 

HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES. 




TWO COPIES RECEIVED. 



2n 



^396, 



,4^- -5 ^ 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 



I. THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA 
AND ITS CONNECTION WITH HISTORY. 

Bibliography: Channing & Hart, Guide to American History, sees. 77-78; Thwaites, 
The Colonies, ch. i; Channing, Student's History of the U. S., 1-18; Shaler, Nature 
and Man in America, chs. vi-viii; Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History, 
chs. xv-xvi; Shaler, U. S. of Am., I, chs. i-iii. 

1. Importance of Geography in its Relation to History. 

I. Political Geography influenced by Physical Geography. 

2. Physiography of North America. 

1. Configuration. 

a. Form and natural divisions. 

b. Coast line. 

c. River and Lake systems. 

2. Climate. 

a. Effect upon European races. 

3. Resources and Products. 

a. Agricultural. 

b. Mineral. 

c. Animal. 

3. Natural Conditions Affecting Settlement. 

1. Physical conditions which affected the Spanish. 
a. Why not more successful? 

2. The French. 

3. The English. 

a. Seeming disadvantages proved to be blessings. 

* This star before a group of references indicates that one reference from the group 
is required. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAL HISTORY. 4 

Effect of Physical Geography upon Subsequent History. 

1. Effect upon the Political Development of the English Colonies. 

2. Three stages of settlement corresponding to the three great 

physical divisions. 

a. First Period to end of the i8th century. 

b. Second Period, 1790-1850. 

c. Third Period, 1850 to present time. 

3. Effect of certain products upon Political History. 

a. Tobacco and Cotton, their relation to the Slave Trade. 

4. Physical features which weakened the South in the Civil War. 



II. ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN AMERICA AND THE 
NATIVE RACES. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 79-80; Fiske, Discovery of America, I, 1-19; Winsor^ 
America, I, ch. vi; Bryant & Gay, United States, I, chs. i-ii. 

1. Evidence of the Antiquity of Man in North America. 

1. Recent discoveries. 

a. Paleolithic implements. 

b. Other discoveries. 

2. Opinion of Archaeologists. 

3. Paleolithic Man: His antiquity. 

4. Conclusions. 

2. The Native Races. 

*Higginson, Larger History, 1-26; Fiske, America, I, 21-51, 125-147. 

1. Theories as to their origin. 

Morgan, "Montezuma's Dinner," No. Am. Rev. CXXII, 265; Fiske, I, 24-38. 

2. Stages of development. 

a. Different theories. 

b. Evidence. 

3. Relation with European Colonists. 

a. Effect upon the Colonists. 

b. Effect upon the Indians. 

4. Estimate of their number. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. ^ 

III. PRE-COLUMBIAN EXPLORERS. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 8i; Fiske, America, I, ch. ii; Winsor, America, I, ch. ii- 
Bryant & Gay, U. S., I, ch. iii-iv. 

1. Various Legends and Traditions. 

1. Buddhist Priests: The Fusang story. 458. 

Mag. of Am. Hist., XXVII, 30. 

2. Arabians in the Xlth century. 

Winsor, I, 72. 

3. Irish legend: Vllth century. 

4. Welsh legend: 11 70. 

2. The Norse Discovery: 1000. 

Higginson, 27-52; Payne, Hist, of America, 74-86. 

1. Physical and Historical conditions which make such a discov- 

ery probable. 

2. The testimony of the Sagas. 

*Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 3; Old South Leaflets, No. 31; Hart, History- 
by Contemporaries, I, No. 16. 

a. Credibility of their evidence. 

Fiske, I, 164; Winsor, I, 61-69. 

b. Why unknown to the rest of Europe. 

c. Conclusions. 

3. Later Possible Voyages. 

1. The Zeni Brothers, 1 380-1390. 

Bryant & Gay, I, 76-85; Fiske, I, 226-239; Winsor, I, 111-115. 

2. Fisherman. 

IV. GENERAL CAUSES OPENING THE WESTERN 
HEMISPHERE TO EUROPE. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 81; Thwaites, ch. ii; Fiske, Dis. of Am., I, ch. iii; Payne, 
Hist, of Am., 23-72; Winsor, America, I, ch. i. Maps: Fiske, I, 265, 304, 356, 357;, 
II, 114, 125, 147, 153; Winsor, II, 103, 104, 112, 126, 165, 177, 180. 

I. Ancient and Mediaeval Ideas of Cosmography. 

I. Different theories. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 6 

a. Continental: Ptolemy's World. 

b. Oceanic theory: Eratosthenes. 

c. Sphericity of the Earth : Aristotle, Strabo, Roger Bacon. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 30. 

2. Geographers and Cartographers of the XV. Century. 

a. Toscanelli's Map: Its connection with the Discovery of 
America. 

Fiske, I, 356; Payne, 112-115. 

b. Behaim's Globe. 

Winsor, America, II, 104; or, Winsor, Columbus, 186-190. 

2. General Situation in Europe at the Close of the Middle Ages. 

1. The "Renaissance." 

a. Its nature: a general awakening. 

b. Its antecedents and causes. 

I. Connection with the Crusades. 

c. Different phases: "Discovery of Man," "Discovery of the 

World." 

2. Commercial and Maritime Activity: One phase of the Renais- 

sance. 

a. Rendered possible, by improvements and inventions. 
I. Compass and astrolabe. 

Winsor, II, 94-98. 

b. Special Causes: Commercial conditions. 
I. Relation of Europe with the East. 

a. Central Asia opened to Europe: XII. to XIV. Cen- 

turies. 

1. The Mogul conquests and its results. 

2. Marco Polo and other travelers' reports. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 32; New Eng. Mag., Aug., '92; Har- 
per's Mag., XLVI, i; Yule, Marco Polo. 

3. Character and extent of trade: oriental products a 
necessity to the West. 

b. Communication overland cut off: closing of the old 

routes. 

1. Restoration of Native Dynasty in China. 1368. 

2. Capture of Constantinople by the Turks. 1453. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 7 

.3. Search for an "outside" route to "Cathay." 

Fiske, I, 316-334. 

a. Portugese Activity. 

1. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1463), and his suc- 

cessors. 

Beazley, or Major's, Henry the Navigator. 

2. The rediscovery of the Islands in the Atlantic. 

3. Voyages along the coast of Africa. 

Fiske, I, 324. 

a. Relation of these voyages to Columbus' plans and the 
discovery of America. 

b. The successful voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497. 

4. Other voyages: Cabral, 1500; Cortereal, 1501. 

b. Activity of Other European Nations: Spain, England. 



V. COLUMBUS AND THE NAMING OF AMERICA. " 

I. Christopher Columbus. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 82-83; Fiske, America, I, ch. v; Bryant &. 
Gay, I, ch. vi; Payne, America, 118 et seq. ; Adams, Markham 
or Winsor's Life of Columbus. Lummis, Spanish Pioneers, chs. 
ii-iv; Mag. of Am Hist., XXVII. i, 98. 

1. Early career and preparation for his work. 

2. His ideas as to cosmography. 

3. Attempts to gain a patron. 

a. Experience in Portugal. 

b. Assistance from Spain: Terms of contract. 

Fiske, I, 417. 

4. His First Voyage. 

a. Discovery made. 

*Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. i; Hart, I, No. 17; O. S. Leaflets, Nos. 29, 33. 

b. The effect upon Europe. 

1. Spanish activity: exploration and colonization. 

2. English activity: Voyages of the Cabots. (See post, p. 8.) 

5. Estimate of Columbus' work and character. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 8 

2. The Naming of America. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 84; Fiske, II, 129-134; Payne, 202-210; 
Winsor, America, II, ch. ii; Harper's Mag., Oct., 1892. 

1. Americus Vespucius of Florence. 

a. His voyages to the **New World." 

b. Letters to Lorenzo de Medici. 

Fiske, II, 110-112. 

2. The Origin of the Name America. 

a. Meaning of the phrase " New World." 

b. Waldseemiiller's " Cosmographiae Introductio, " and its 

proposal, 1507. 

Hart, I, No. 20; Fiske, II, 129-145. 

c. The extension of the name to the entire continent. 

d. Americus exonerated of any attempt to supplant Columbus. 

VL WHERE EUROPEAN NATIONS PLANTED THEIR 
INSTITUTIONS. 

A Summary of the Results of Exploration and Settlement by the 
leading European Nations at the opening of the XVII Century. 

* Channing, Student's History, ch. i; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, ch, 
ii; Toner, Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1895, 515-557. 

I. Basis for the Determination of Ownership of Newly 
Discovered Lands. 

I. Priority of discovery. 2. Exploration. 3. Consummated by- 

possession and settlement. 

II. Claims of European Nations at the Opening of the 

XVII. Century. 

I. Spain: Summary of Her Claims. 

I. By virtue of the Bull of Alexander VI, of 1493, and the Con- 
vention of Tordesillas, 1494. 

Hart, I, No. 18; Harrisse, The Diplomatic History of America; Bourn e. 
Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1891, 101-130. 

a. Papal title repudiated by France and England. 
Payne, 243-46. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 9 

2. Priority of Discovery and Exploration. 

*C. & H., Guide, sees. 82-86; Higginson, Larger History, ch. iii; 
Bryant & Gay, I, ch. vii; Lummis, Spanish Pioneers, ch. vi-vii. 

a. Columbus' and his Followers' Voyages. 1492-15 12. 

b. Discovery of the Pacific: Balboa, 1513. 

c. Florida: Ponce de Leon, 1513, 1521. 

d. Conquest of Mexico: Cortez, 1 519-21. 

e. Circumnavigation of the Globe: Magellan, 1520. 

Winsor, America, II, ch. ix. 

/ Atlantic Coast: Gomez, 1524; De Ayllon, 1526. 

g. Expeditions in the Mississippi Valley and the Southwest: 

1. Wanderings of Cabeza-de-Vaca, 1527-36. 

Old South Leaflets, No. 39. 

2. Coranado's expedition, 1540-42. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 13; Hart, I, No. 24. 

3. De Soto's expedition, 1539-43. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 36; Hart, I, No. 23. 

3. By virtue of settlement. 

I. Permanent Colonies and Sphere of Influence. 

a. St. Augustine, 1565, and Santa Fe, 1580, only Spanish 
settlements within the present limits of the United 
States. 

^. France: Summary of Her Claims. 

1. Discovery and exploration. 

*C. &H., Guide, sees. 87-88; Doyle, English Colonies, I, 82-98; 
Bryant & Gay, I, ch. viii; Higginson, Larger History, ch. v; Payne, 
246-247, 257-266. Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World. 

a. Verrazano's voyage, 1524. 

Hart, I, No. 34; O. S. Leaf., No. 17; Winsor, America, IV, 26. 

b. Cartier voyages, 1 534-1535- 

Hart, I, No. 35. 

2. By attempted colonization. 

a. In Florida by Huguenot, 1562-65. 

Parkman, Pioneers, 33-47, 96-130; Bryant & Gay, ch. ix; Higginson, 
Explorers, 143-166. 

3. Results: No Colonies at the opening of the Century. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAL HISTORY. lO 

a. Reasons for failure: Hostility of the Spanish; Civil and Re- 

ligious Wars in France. 

b. Significance of failure. 

England: Summary of Her Claims. 

1. By Virtue of Discovery and Exploration. 

C. & H., Guide, sees. 92-96; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch. i, 

a. The Cabot Voyages, 1497-1498. 

* Fiske, Dis. of Am., II, 1-22; Weare, Cabot's Dis. of Am.; Winsor, 
Am. Ill, 1-7; New Eng. Mag., Feb., 1898; Hart, I, Nos. 26, 48; 
Am. Hist. Leaf. No. 9. 

I. Various problems of these voyages: Latest evidence. 

b. The English Seamen. 

Higgiason, Larger History, cli. iv; Froude, English Seamen of the^ 
XVI. Century; Payne, Voyages of Elizabethan Seamen, C. & H., 
Guide, sec. 93. 

1. John Hawkins, 1562-67. 

Hart, I, No. 29; Winsor, III, 60-64. 

2. Francis Drake, 1570-78. 

Hart, I, No. 30; Corbett, Drake; Winsor, Am. HI, 65-73. 

2. By attempted colonization. 

a. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his Patent, 1578-83. 

Higginson, Explorers, 169-174. 

b. Sir Walter Ralegh, 1584-90. 

Hume, Ralegh, chs. iv-v; Winsor, America, III, ch. iv. 

1. Charter, 1584. 

Charters & Consts., II, 1379; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 71. 

2. Colonies: Roanoke, " The Lost Colony, " 1584-87. 

Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, V, Pt. iv, 107. 

3. Results no colonies at the opening of the Century. 
a. Reasons for failure. 

1. Left to individual enterprise of subjects. 

2. Fear of Spanish invasion of England. 

Situation at the Opening of the XVII. Century. 
I. Causes for the revival of interest in colonization. 
a. By the French, b. By the English. 



AMERICAN COLONIAIv HISTORY. II 

2. Cause for the cessation of Spanish activity in colonization after 
1570- 

5. Effect of the New World upon the Old World. 

Seeley, Expansion of England, ch. v. 



VII. ENGUSH COLONIZATION. 

"The Expansion of England." The transplanting of Englishmen 
and English Institutions in the New World. The Development 01 
English Institutions into American Institutions. 

1. Continuity of History. 

1. In General. 

2. Illustrated in the History of the English Colonies in America. 

2. The Political Heritage. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 146; Taylor, Origin and Growth of the 
English Const., 1-17; Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon Freedom; Montague, 
Elements of Eng. Const. History. 

I. The chief elements of the English Government in the XVII. 
Century. 

a. Constitutional development in England. 

1. The Representative system: An Anglo-Saxon institution. 

Fiske, Am. Political Ideas, ch.ii; Fiske, Beg. of New England, 1-49 

2. Growth of the system. 

Hosmer, chs. iv-vii. 

3. Its continuous existence on English soil. 

b. Local Government : The Germ of the Representative 

System. 

Channing, Town and County Government, J. H. Univ. Studies II, 
439-453; Howard, L,ocal Const'al Hist., 31-49; McMaster, in 
Shaler's U. S., II, 475, 476; Morey, Annals of Political Science, 
VI, 207-211. 

1. Parish or Township: Open Vestry: Select or Close 

Vestry. 

2. County System. 

3. Connection with the Central Government. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 12 

c. The National Government. 

1. A single executive : The King. 

2. A bi-cameral legislative body: Parliament, House of 

Lords, House of Commons : Rights of Parliament : 
Franchise. 

3. The Judicial System. 

2. "The Rights of Englishmen." 

I. Rights guaranteed by Magna Charta and the Common Law. 

a. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. 

b. Speedy trial : Trial by Jury. 

c. No taxation except by vote of Parliament. 

d. A share in their own government. 

3. The Influence of the Reformation upon the Political Develop- 

ment. 

1. Freedom of Conscience. 

Fiske, Beg. of New Eng., 58, 59- 

2. Importance of the Individual. 

Scott, Development of Liberty, 24-26, 298-302. 

3. Its Democratic tendencies. 

4. Political Significance of the fact of Colonization in the XVIL 

Century, The Period of Political Ferment in England. 
I. Effect of the contest for English Free Institutions in the 
Old World upon the New World. 

Social, Industrial and Religious Situation in England at the Open- 
ing of the XVII. Century. 

1. Social Condition. 

a. Class Divisions and Distinctions. 
*Hart, I, No. 44. 

2. Industrial Conditions. 

a. Problem of over-population. 

b. Material for colonization. 

Bruce, Economic Hist, of Virginia, I, 59, 60. 

3. The Religious Situation. 

a. The Established Church. 

b. The growth of dissent. 

c. The attitude of the Government. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 13 

4. Motives which actuated the English in their Colonizing Enter- 
prises. 

* Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 44-60; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 
74; Bruce, Economic Hist, of Virginia, I, ch. i; Hart, I, Nos. 45- 
49; Neill, Virginia and Virginiola. 

1. Various incentives. 

a. Patriotic: Rivalry with Spain. 

b. Cupidity, c. Adventure, d. Economic and Political dis- 

content, e. Religious oppression, f. Northwest 
passage. 

2. Comparison with the motives of the Spanish and French. 

Hart, I, Nos. 19, 40. 

VIII. VIRGINIA, A TYPE OF THE SOUTHERN COLONY. 
PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 97; Thwaites, ch. iv. 

1. The London and Plymouth Companies. 

Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 60-79. 

1. Origin and nature: Trading corporations or joint stock com- 

panies: Precedents. 
Osgood, Pol. Sc. Quar. XI, 264-273; Moray, Annals, I, 535-544. 

2. Purpose: Inducements to colonization. 

Bruce and Eggleston, as above. 

3. Influence of these companies. 

2. The London Company: A Chartered Commercial Company. 

* Doyle, English Colonies, I, 108-12, 125-28, 136-42, 156-66, 175-83; 

Eggleston, Bk. I, ch. ii; Winsor, America, III, 127-53; Fiske, Old 
Virginia, I, chs. iii-vi; J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 263-267; Cooke, 
Virginia; Brown, The First Republic in America. 

I. The First Charter. 1606-1609. 

Charters & Consts. II, 1888. 

a. Parties to the charter. 

b. Territory. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 16. 

c. Governmental power. 

d. Guarantee of the rights of the Colonists. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 14 

e. Settlement at Jamestown, 1607. 

Hart, I, Nos. 62, 63; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 27. 

f. Capt. John Smith: Estimate of his work and writings. 

Favorable. 

Fiske, Old Va., I, chs. iii-iv. 

Unfavorable. 

Brown, The First Republic in America. 

General criticism. 

Eggleston, Beg. of A Nation, 31-38; Winsor, III, 161. 

The Second Charter. 1609-1612. 

Charters & Consts., II, 1893. 

a. Why granted ? 

b. New boundaries and their interpretation. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 16; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 73-78; Fiske, 
I, 144-45- 

c. King yields power to the Council: Importance. 

d. The fortunes of the Colony: Dale's "Blue Laws," 1611. 

Fiske, I, 163-167; Bryant & Gay, I, 300; Force, Tracts, III. 

e. Introduction of tobacco culture: effect. 

Hart, I, No. 83; Fiske, I, 174-177; Eggleston, 84-85. 

The Third Charter. 161 2-1624. 

Charters & Consts., II, 1902. 

a. Changes effected by the new charter: The stockholders 

secure complete jurisdiction. 

Fiske, I, 177-79, 185-89. 

b. New land tenure: in severalty: good effect. 

c. Condition of the colony under the absolute rule of the Com- 

pany. 

d. The Liberal element gain control in England: The era of 

Political Development. 

1. The Great Charter of Nov. 28, 1618, and the Ordinance 

of 1621. 

Brown, First Republic, 293, 329; Preston, 32. 

2. Gov. Yeardley and "The House of Burgesses:" The 

inauguration of representative government in Amer- 
ica. 16 19. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 15 

Henry, in Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1893, 301-316; Chandler, in 
J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 268-273; Brown, First Republic, 
242-243, 249-251, 266, 293, 309-310, 313-332. 

a. Composition of the Assembly. 

b. Proceedings and influence. 

Hart, I, No. 65. 

4. The Labor System : Forced Labor. 

a. Indentured servants: effect. 

Bruce, I, 241 et seq. 

b. Introduction of Negro Slavery, 1619: effect. 

5. Introduction of Family Life, its effect. 

Eggleston, 57-58. 

6. Charter annulled by a writ of quo warranto, 1624. 

a. Cause : Factions in Company : Hostility of the King: 
" Seminary of Sedition." 

Hart, I, Nos. 66, 67; Fiske, I. 238-241. 

b. Character of the government under the charter. 

c. Effect upon the Colony. 



IX. VIRGINIA : SECOND STAGE : A ROYAL PROVINCE. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 98, 99; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch. vii, II, chs. x-xii ; 
Doyle, I, chs. vii-ix, esp. 185-201, 207, 2©8, 212-266. 

A. Political Relations with the English Government to the Opening 

of the XVIII Century. 

B. Development of Domestic Institutions : 1624-1750. 

A. Political Relations with England: 1624-1700. 
I. Sub-Periods : 

a. 1624-1649 : Period of little interference and of continued 

growth. 

b. 1649-1660 : Under the Commonwealth : Practically a self- 

governing commonwealth : Rapid advance. 

c. 1660-1677 : After the Restoration : Political Reaction and 

Tyranny. 

d. 1677-1700: Quarrels with the Royal Governors. Stagnation. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 16. 

1. The Political Situation in 1624. 

1. The Colonists claim the "Rights of Englishmen." 

2. The meeting of the Assembly permitted by the King: 

a. As he desires monopoly of the Tobacco trade. 

Hart, I, No. 83. 

b. Assembly refuse to grant his request, but precedent for their 

rights established. 

3. The Constitution of a Royal Province. 

2. Period of little interference and continued growth. 1624-1649. 

1. Governor Harvey's Administration. 1629-39. 

Fiske, I, 293-299 ; Doyle, I, 194-198. 

a. Quarrel with the Burgesses : "The first American Revolu- 
tion." 

2. Governor Berkeley's First Administration : 1642-52. 
a. His instructions, b. Treatment of the Puritans. 

3. The Relations of the Colony to the Commonwealth. 1649-1660. 

Doyle, I, ch. viii ; Fiske, II, ch. x; "Leah and Rachel," Lib. of 
Am. Lit. I, 343. 

1. Attitude of Virginia toward the Puritan Revolution. 

a. Appeal of Gov. Berkeley. 

Hart, I, No. 68. 

b. An asylum for the Cavaliers: Results, immediate and remote. 

2. Surrender to the Commissioners of the Long Parliament. 

Hart, I, No. 69. 

3. Self-Government acquired and maintained. 

a. The Assembly elects Governor and Council, and removes the 

same. 

b. Attempt to restrict the suffrage fails. '' Hard and unagree- 

able to reason that any shall pay equal taxes and not 
have a voice in elections." 

5. The Navigation Acts. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19; Beer, Commercial Policy of England to- 
ward the American Colonies, chs. i-iii; Fiske, Old Virginia, 11, 
45-51; Eggleston, in The Century, VI, 251-254. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 17 

1. Inauguration of the policy: First measures: Under the Com- 

monwealth : Under Charles II. ; Acts of 1660, 1663, 1672. 

2. Effect upon the Colonists. 

a. In general. 

b. In Virginia: Berkeley's complaint. 

Hart, I, 240. 

3. Early acts not strictly enforced. 

6. The Colony after the Restoration : 1660-1677. Reaction and 

Tyranny. 
Doyle, I, 230-257; Fiske, II, ch. xi. 

I. Gov. Berkeley's Second Administration. 1658-1677. 

a. His character and reactionary government. 

b. Report to the Lords of Trade, 1671. 

Hart, I, No. 70. 

c. Legal relations with the Home Government. 

d. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676-1677. 

Eggleston, in The Century, XVIII, 418; Colonial Tracts, Nos. S-io. 

1. Causes: The Political Reaction in Central and Local 

Government: The Long Assembly: Restriction of 
Suffrage: The Culpepper- Arlington Grant. 

2. Immediate Occasion: Berkeley's Indian Policy. 

3. Berkeley's Declaration. 

Lib. of Am. Lit. I, 445. 

4. Bacon's Declaration. 

Ibid., I, 448-50. 

5. Course of the Rebellion. 

Hart, I, No. 71; Lib. of Am. Lit. I, 450-65. 

6. Social and Constitutional Reforms proposed by Bacon's 

Laws of 1676. 

7. Results: Significance. 

7. The Colony under Royal Governors. 1667-1700. Quarrels be- 

tween the Assembly and the Governors. 

Fiske, II, 110-12, 120-23; Doyle, I, 259-68. 

I. Culpepper's Administration: Tobacco-cutting Riots. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI, HISTORY. ig 

Nicholson and the Assembly. 

Hart, II, No. 33. 

a. Assembly refuse to appropriate money unless their own 

Treasurer expends it. 

b. Removal of the Capital. 



X. VIRGINIA. 1624-1750. 
B. Development of Domestic Institutions. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 148; Thwaites, chs. iv, v; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch. vii; 
II, ch. xiv; Doyle, I, ch. xiii; Lodge, Eng. Colonies, ch. ii; Henry, in Am. Hist. 
Assoc. Reports, 1891, 18-29. 

I. Social and Industrial Systems. 

Bruce, Economic History of Virginia. 

1. Social Grades and Classes. 

a. Tendency of these distinctions. 

b. Plantation life. 

Hart, I, Nos. 87, 88; II, No. 82; Woodrow Wilson, Geo. Washing- 
ton, ch. i. 

2. Classes of Laborers. 

Bruce, I, ch. ix, II, chs. x-xi; Eggleston, in The Century, VI, 853- 
871; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia, J. H. 
Univ. Studies, XIII, Nos. vi-vii, p. 299; Butler, in Am. Historical 
Rev., II, 12; Fiske, I, 188, 229, II, 176-202; Doyle, I, 382-391; 
Hart, II, No. 107. 

a. Indented Servants. " Redemptioners." 

1. Cause of their presence in large numbers. 

2. Terms of service, and their condition. 

b. Negro Slaves. 

1. Introduction. 

2. Growth of system. Causes. 

3. Industrial Pursuits of the Southern Colonies illustrated in Vir- 

ginia. 

Bruce, in passim, esp. II, chs. xii-xiii; Eggleston, in The Century 
V, 431; Lib. of Am. Lit., II, 265, 279, 306; Hart, I, Nos. 87-88. 

a. Agriculture. 

b. Some Commerce. 



AMERICAN COIvONIAL HISTORY. 19 

c. Ivittle Manufacturing. 
4. Results of Industrial System. 

a. Economic. 

b. Social. 

c. Political. 

d. Moral. 

e. Educational. 

2. Political Institutions. 

1. Local Government. 

*Bib. C. & H,, Guide, sec. 147; Channing, Town and County Govt, 
J. H. Univ. Studies, II, 474-489; Howard, Local Government, 117- 
124, 388-407; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 28-44, 98-99; Fiske, Civil 
Govt., 57-67; McMaster, in Shaler's U. S., II, 475-479; Taylor, 
English Const., 27-30, 35-39; Henry, in Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 
1891, 23-26; J. H. Univ. Studies, III, 152 et seq. 

a. The English Parish. 

b. Reasons for the development of the Parish and County 

System. 

c. The Vestry: open vestry becomes a close vestry. 

Fiske, II, 98. 

I. Powers and functions. 

d. Few towns: Attempts to establish them by legislation. 

Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 211-213. 

e. The County. 

1. The unit of representation for the Assembly. 

2. How the power passed into the control of the great 

planters. 

3. The County-seat, or " Court- House." 

4. Powers of the Court: administrative as well as judicial. 

5. Officers of the County: Sheriff: County-lieutenant. 

f. The results of the system. 

1. Aristocratic tendency. 

2. Contrasted with the local government of New England. 

2. Colonial Government. 

a. Gradual separation of the functions of government. 

b. Executive and Administrative. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. ao 

1. Vested in Governor and Council. 

2. Source and extent of authority. 

c. Legislation. 

Chandler, J. H. Univ. Stmiies, XIV, 268-273. 

1. The Law-making power. 

2. Representative system retained and developed. 
a. Bi-cameral system introduced in 1680. 

3. Assembly asserts its exclusive right over taxation in 

1623, ^63^' ^632* 1642, 1645, 1651, 1666, and main- 
tains it to 1765. 

Henry, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports. 1893, 315. 

4. Franchise: Attempts to restrict suffrage fail until 1670, 

when freeholders alone qualified. 
Fiske, II, 100. 

5. Assembly dispute the use of the veto power. 

d. Judicial Power. 

I. Development of the Judiciary. 

a. Monthly Courts, 1628: Justices of the Peace. 

b. Shire Courts, 1634. 

c. Fusion of the two into County Court, 1642. 

I. It absorbed all local power except in ecclesiastical 
matters. 

d. Superior Court of Judicature: Governor and Council. 
c. Appeal to Privy Council in England. 

f. Peculiar laws and punishments. 

3. Religious and Educational Institutions, 

Fiske, II, 116-117, 123-129, 245-254, 261-263; Doyle, I, 268. 

1. The Established Church. 

a. How maintained. 

b. The character of the clergy. 

Hart, I, No. 85. 

2. The Dissenters and their treatment. 

J. H. Univ. Studies, XII, 175; XIII, 153-188. 

a. Appearance of Puritans, and their expulsion by Berkeley. 

b. Puritans during the Commonwealth period. 

c. Numbers constantly increase after the Restoration. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 

3. Educational Facilities. 

a. Few schools. 

Hart, I, 296. 

b. Early attempts to found a college. 

c. Berkeley's attitude toward education. 

Hart, I, No. 70. 

d. William and Mary's College founded, 1692. 

Hart, I, No. 89. 

e. Other opportunities for education. 

f. "The Virginia Gazette," 1736: First newspaper in the 

South. 

4. Summary: Tendencies revealed in the development of the insti- 
tutions of Virginia. 

XI. MARYLAND: A TYPICAL PROPRIETARY COLONY. 

* Bib. C. & H. Guide, sees. loo-ioi; Thwaites, ch. iv; Fiske, Old 
Virginia, I, chs. viii, ix, II, ch. xiii; Doyle, I, chs. x-xi; Eggleston, 
Beginners of a Nation, Bk. Ill, ch. i; Browne, Calverts, esp. chs. 
ii, V, vi, viii; Winsor, America, III, ch. xiii; Browne, Maryland; 
Lodge, English Colonies, chs. iii, iv. 

1. The Calverts: The Family of the " Lord Proprietor." 

1. Their position in England: Conversion to Catholicism. 

2. Early attempts at colonization: Avalon. 

3. Created Baron Baltimore: 1625. 

2. The Charter of Maryland: 1632. 

Preston's Documents, 62. 

1. Granted to Cecil, Second Lord Baltimore. 

2. Boundary. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 16, p. 12; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 78. 

3. Jurisdiction conferred. 

Osgood, Am. Historical Rev., Ill, 644, IV, 31, 244. 

a. Precedent: Feudal character. 

b. Provisions fixing power of the Proprietor. 

c. Rights guaranteed to the colonists. 

d. Religious provisions. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 

3. Maryland Settled : 1634. 

1. Reason for founding Colony: Condition of Catholics in Eng- 

land. 

2. The Proprietor's Instructions to Colonists. 

Hart, I, No. 72. 

3. Was it a Catholic Colony ? 

4. Institutional Development. 

1. The Land System. 

2. The Legislative System. 

Browne, Cal verts, ch. v; Fiske, I, 283-285; Doyle, I, 286-298; Morey, 
Annals of Pol. Sc. I, 544-547. 

a. Struggle over the initiative of legislation. 

b. Primary Assembly or Folk-moot. 1635. 

c. Proxy system develops. 1638. 

d. Representative system gradually established. 1650. 

e. Bi-cameral system established. 1650. 

3. Local Government. 

Howard, Local Govt., 274-81; Fiske, Civil Govt., 74-77; Fiske, Old 
Virginia, II, 146-149; Taylor, Eng. Const., 32-33; J. H. Univ. 
Studies, I, No. VII; HI, Nos. v-vii. 

a. The Hundred. 

b. The Manor: Court Baron and Court Leet. 

5. Dissensions in the Colony. 

1. Quarrels with Clayborne and Virginia. 

Latan^, J. H. Univ. Studies, XIII, 129-153. 

a. First phase. 1634-37. 

Hart, I, No. 74. 

b. Second phase: Ingle. 1644-46. 

c. Third phase (see below). 

2. Religious Dissensions. 

Petrie, in J. H. Univ., X, No. 4; Winsor, III, 530-535; Browne, Cal- 
verts, chs. vi, viii. 

a. Increase of the Puritan element. 

b. Toleration Act. 1649. 

Hart, I, No. 84. 



4 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 

1. Causes which led to its passage. 

2. Who passed it ? 

c. The policy of the Proprietors. 
3. Struggle between the Proprietary Government and the Parlia- 
mentary Commissioners, 1652: Contest of the Sects. 

a. Protestants win. 1655. 

b. Puritan Assembly and its notion of a Toleration Act. 

c. Restoration of Baltimore. 1657. 

Hart, I, No. 75. 

6. The Colony after the Restoration. 

Fiske, II, 150-162. 

1. An era of peace but political reaction to 1675. 

a. Restriction of suffrage, 1670, and other reactionary measures. 

2. An era of unrest, 1675-1691. 

a. Policy of new Proprietor irritates colonists. 

b. Rebellions. 

Sparks, Causes of Maryland Rev. of 1689, J. H. Univ. Studies, 

XIV, 477. 

1. First attempt a failure. 1676. 

2. Second attempt successful. 1689. 

3. A Royal Colony. 1691-1715. 

a. Episcopal Church established, 1692. 

Fiske, II, 162-173. 

1. Unpopularity of the establishment. 

2. Toleration. How far practiced. Hardship of Catholics. 

3. Character of the clergy. 

4. Growth of dissent. 

b. Proprietary Government re-established : 1715. 

Xn. NEW ENGIvAND COLONIZATION. 

I. The English on the Coast of New England. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 96, 109; Higginson's Explorers, 203-225; 
Doyle, II, 14-25; Winsor, America, III, 172-184. 

1. Early explorers: Gosnold, Pring and Weymouth. 1602-1605. 

2. The Plymouth Company: Its attempt to colonize. 
a. The Popliam Colony, 1607. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 24 

3. Capt. John Smith's voyage and map, 1614-15. 

Hart, I, No. 90. 

Causes leading to Successful Colonization. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees, iio-iii; Eggleston, Beginners of a 
Nation, Bk. II, chs. i-ii; Fiske, Beginnings of New Esgland, ch. 
ii; Arber, The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers; Gardiner's Puritan 
Revolution. 

1. The Religious Situation in England early in the XVII. 

Century. 

a. Nature of the English Reformation. 

1. The English Established Church. 

2. Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. 1559. 

3. Persecuting Statute of 1593. 

Arber, 35-36. 

b. Rise and Development of Puritanism. 

1. Its appearance: " The Marian Exile " and its results. 

2. Its characteristics. 

3. Its political influence. 

Hart, I, No. 93. 

c. The English Puritans. 

1. Conformists or Low Churchmen. 

2. Non-Conformists. 

a. Separatists or Independents. 

b. Presbyterians. 

d. The Policy of the Stuarts toward the Puritans. 

1. The Hampton Court Conference: 1604. 

2. Persecution and its consequences. 

3. Intolerance the rule throughout Christendom. 

Eggleston, 163-164. 

2. The Political Situation in England early in the XVII. Century» 

Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon Freedom, chs. vii, ix, x. 

a. The Political Philosophy of the Century. 

1. The Stuart theory of government: The Divine Right of 
Kings. 

2. The opposing theory: The Parliamentary Doctrine. 

b. The Stuarts and the Constitution. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 25 

1. Arbitrary policy of James I. 1603-25. 

a. Struggle with Parliament over the taxing power. 

b. The Bates Case. 1606-08. 

Hallam, Const. Hist. I, 314. 

c. Monopolies. 

d. Disregards other rights of Parliament and the Nation. 

2. Arbitrary policy continued by Charles I: 1625-49. 

a. The Struggle over the taxing power renewed. 

1. Forced loans. 

2. The Petition of Right: 1628. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 23. 

3. Ship money: Hampton Case: 1637. 

Ibid, vol. III. 

b. The strain upon the Constitution. 

1. King rules without Parliament: 1629-1640. 

2. The Long Parliament and the Civil War: 1640-49. 

a. The Grand Remonstrance, 1641. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 24. 

b. The outbreak of the Civil War: 1642. 

3. Parliament rules without the King. 

3. Importance of the struggle in the Mother Country upon the 
Colonization and Development of the English Colonies. 

XIII. THE PILGRIMS AND THE PLYMOUTH COLONY. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 111-113; Thwaites, ch. vi; Eggeston, Bk. II, ch. iii; Fiske, 
New England, 79-87; Doyle, II, 11-15, 27-73; Arber, the Pilgrim Fathers; Ameri- 
can History Leaflets, No. 29; Winsor, America, III, 257-276; Dexter's Pilgrims; 
Griflis, The Pilgrims in their Three Homes; Brown, The Pilgrim Fathers. 

I. The '• Pilgrim Fathers." 

1. Who were they ? Separatists. 

2. The "cradle of the movement;" Austerfield and Scrooby 

Church. 

3. Persecution drives them to Holland, 1608. 

Hart, No. 49. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 26 

4. The residence in Holland and reasons for immigration to Amer- 

ica, 1608-1620. 

Hart, No, 97; Arber, Chap, xxvii. 

5. Their leaders. 

6. Agreement with the Virginia Company and Merchant Adven- 

turers of London. 

7. Failure to receive a Charter from James I. 

2. The Planting of the Colony. 

1. The Mayflower Compact. 

Hart, No. 98, Charters and Const. I, 931. 

a. Principles underlying it. 

2. "The landing." What was it? 

Hart, I, No. 99; Arber, 434-436; Ub'y of Am. Lit. I, 124-129. 

3. Suffering and privations of the Colonists. 

Hart, I, Nos. 100-102. 

4. Experience with communisin. 

Hart, I, No. 100. 

5. Relations with the Indians. 

Hart, I, Nos. loo-ioi. 

3. Political Development. 

Bib. Haynes in J. H. U. Studies, XII, pp. 436-: Osgood, in Pol. 
Science Quarterly, XI, pp. 694-715. 

1. Early form and principles of government. 

a. Primary Assembly. 

b. Governor and Assistants. 

2. Gradual development of the Representative System, 1638-1658. 
a. Franchise. 

3. Judicial System. 

4. Relation of Plymouth with the English Government. 

5. Relation to the other New England colonies. 

6. Final incorporation of the "Old Colony" with Massachusetts, 
1691. 

Hart, I, No. 104. 

|. Life in the Colony. 

I. Educational advantages. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 



27 



2. Religious System. 

3. Population and material resources — why not more prosperous? 

XIV. MASSACHUSETTS, A TYPICAL NORTHERN COLONY. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees, 114-118; Thwaites, ch, vi; Doyle, II, 
83-112, 141-144, 253-256; Fiske, Beginnings of New England, 80- 
109; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, Bk. II, ch. iv; Twichell's, 
John Winthrop, chs. iii, vi, viii, ix, xiv; Winsor, Mem. Hist, of 
Boston, I, ch. ii; Mass. and Its Early History, Lowell Inst. 
Lectures. 

1. The Grand Council for New England and its Charter. 1620. 

Charters & Consts., I, 951; Winsor, America, III, 295-310; Osgood, 
Pol. Science Quar., XI, 273-277, 502-533. 

1. Its plans and its failure to colonize. 

2. Its grants. 

Palfrey, Compendious Hist, of New Eng., I, 77-78. 

3. Early settlements in Massachusetts: 1620-28. 

2. Causes of the "Puritan Exodus." 

Hart, I, No. 105. 

1. " The times out of joint." 

2. The scheme of Rev. John White, and its realization. 

3. Origin of the Mass. Bay Company and its grant from the Coun- 
cil of New England. 

4. Endicott conducts a company to Salem, 1628. 

3. "The Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay: 1629." 

C, & H., Guide, sees. 117-118. 
I. The Charter. 

Old South Leaflets, No. 7; Preston's Doc, 36; Charters & Consts., 
L 932. 

a. How was it secured ? 

b. Limits of the grant. 

c. Character of the power and jurisdiction conferred. 

Osgood, in Pol. Science Quar. xi, 502. 

I. Schools of interpreters. 

d. Provisions indicating rights of the settlers. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI, HISTORY. 28 

e. Purpose, ostensible and real, of parties to the grant. 

Old South Leaflets, No. 50. 

4. The Great Migration, 1629-1640. 

Century, III, 350. 

1. " The Cambridge Agreement," 1629. 

Hart, I, No. 106. 

2. The transfer of the Charter and Company to New England: Its 
significance. 

3. Leaders, character and number of colonists. 

4. Early settlements. 

a. Why did they settle in towns ? 

b. Efiect upon political institutions. 

5. Development of Political Institutions. 

Bib, C. & H., Guide, sees. 118, 147; Haynes, J. H. U. Studies, xii, 
377; Osgood, Pol. Science Quar,, vi, i; Morey, Annals of Pol 
Science, I, 549-550. IV, 207-209; Twichell's Winthrop, chs. vi, viii,, 
ix, xiv. 

1. Form of government established in 1630. 

a. At first in the control of the Governor and Assistant. 

2. Admission of " Freemen : " Oct. 1630-May^ 1631. 

a. Occasion. 

b. Significance. The company becomes a political and ceases 
to be a commercial organization. 

3. The Suflfrage: Aristocratic Theocracy established. 
a. Limitation to Church membership. 1631. 

1. Reasons for Restriction. 

2. Compare with English requirement. 

3. Protest against the restriction : 1646. 

Hart, I, No. in. 

4. Rise of the Representative System : Opposition to Aristocracy. 

Hart, I, No. 107. 

a. Causes. 

1. General. 

2. Special: The Protest of Watertown: 1631. " No Taxa- 
tion without representation. ' ' 

b. Inauguration of the System: 1632-34: A Democratic Revolu- 

tion. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 29 

I. Apportionment and Method of Election. 

Bishop, History of Elections, 123-140, 130-145. 

a. By Court of election : 1634. 

b. Ballot and Proxy system introduced: 1634-1637. 

c. Nominating system : 1639. 

d. Sealed returns : 1644. 

5. Establishment of the Bi-cameral Legislature : 1644. 

a. Germ of the two Houses. 

b. Cause of the division into two Houses. " The Sow business." 

Haynes, J. H. U. Studies, XII, 411- 

c. Results of the system. 

d. Composition and functions of the two Houses. 

e. Effect upon the position of the Governor. 

6. Town Government : The Political unit. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 118, 147 ; Channing, J. H. U. Studies, 
II, 458-474 ; Howard, Local Const. Hist, 50-99, 319-357 ; Fiske, 
Civil Govt., ch. ii ; Fiske, Am. Political Ideas, 17; Hinsdale; 
American Govt., 388-395 ; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 
13-32; Goodnow, Com. Adm. Law, 165-171 ; Taylor, Eng. Const., 
27-32, 39, 40 ; Adams, Three Episodes of Mass. History, II, 810 ; 
Peters, A Picture of Town Govt, in Mass. 

a. Origin of Town Government. 
I. Different theories. 

b. The English parish or town ; how reproduced in N. Eng. 

c. Town government defined by the General Court, 1636. 
I. Were any in existence prior to this ? 

d. Later laws in regard to town government. 

e. Form of town government. 

1. Town meeting. 

a. Nature and Functions. 

b. Attendance and participation in. 

c. Effect, immediate and remote. 

2. Selectmen : Moderator. 
a. Functions and term. 

f. Relation of the town to the Church. 

g. Peculiar laws and regulations. 
I. Effecting trade and labor. 

7. Judicial System. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 30 

a. Assumption of Judicial power by the Magistrates. 

I. Early courts. Monthly (1632) and Quarterly (1636). 

b. Matured system. 

1. Petty Courts in Towns (1638). 

2. County Courts (1643), " Sessions of the Peace." 

3. Superior Court: Governor and Assistants. 

4. "The Great and General Court:" The Supreme Court. 
a. Its judicial functions decline after 1642. 

5. Appeal to Privy Council in England prohibited. 
8. Code of Laws. 

a. Causes leading to adoption. 

1. Laws of Moses vs. The Common Law. 

2. Demand for a code of laws, 1634-39. 

b. "The Body of Liberties," 1641. 

Am. Hist. I,eafs., No. 25. 

1. A Bill of Rights. 

2. Significance. 

c. Revised Code of 1648. 

Mass. Hist. Soc. Col. 3 Series, Vol. VII. 

1. Chief features. 

2. New political principles announced. 

6. Development of Military, Land and Educational Systems. 

1. Military System. 

a. Necessity. 

b. Trained band in each town. 

c. Reorganization into regiments by counties. (1644. ) 

d. Officers: Choice and eligibility. 

e. Analogy to English system. 

2. Land System and Registrations. 

M. Eggleston, J. H. U. Studies, 4th Series, Nos. XI-XII. 

a. Land granted by General Court to Society of Settlers. (Cor- 

poration.) 

b. Method of administration by Society or Town. 

1. Common ownership. 

2. Later granted to individuals. 

3. In some cases, control retained by original proprietors. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI, HISTORY. 31 

c. Comparison with system in Proprietary Colonies. 

d. Registration of Land Titles. 

1. General survey and registration by towns ordered, 1634. 

2. System of County registration established, 1643. 
3. Educational System. 

Boone, Bducation in the U. S. 

a. Character of the settlers of Mass. 
I. Well educated and religious. 

b. Early steps. 

1. First recorded public action, by Boston. (1635.) 

2. Act of the "General Court" establishing a College, 1636. 

Hart, I, No. 137; Old South Leafs., No. 51. 
Johnson, in Lib. of Am. Lit., I, 325. 

3. Name changed to Harvard, and first " Commencement," 

(1642.) 

c. The "General Court" advised all towns to take active 

measures, (1642). 

d. Compulsory education ; First Law, establishing common 

schools (1647). 

e. Reasons for establishment. 
I. Preamble of act of 1647. 

/ Comparison with England and the other colonies. 

g. Influence upon the life of the people, immediate and remote. 

XV. THE "EXPANSION" OF NEW ENGLAND. 

Expulsions and Secessions from the Bay Colony. 
I. The Founding of Providence Plantations and Rhode Island. 

*Bib. C. & H. Guide, sects. 119, 120; Eggleston, Bk. Ill, ch. II; 
Doyle, IL 113-126, 179-190; Strauss, Roger Williams; Arnold's 
Rhode Island, I ; Greene, Rhode Island; Fiske, 114-116. 

I. Roger Williams. 

1. His early history in the colonies. 

2. Cause of his controversy with the Mass. authorities. 

a. His peculiar views. 

Hart, L p. 373- 

b. His acts. 



AMERICAN COLONIAIv HISTORY. 32 

3. Reasons for banishment from Mass. 

4. Settles Providence Plantations, 1636. 

Hart, I, No. 115, pp. 402-4. 

a. Form of government : Pure Democracy. 

b. Doctrine of *'soul liberty." Roger Williams a " Path- 

breaker. ' ' 

The Antinomian Controversy and its connection with the settle- 
ment of Rhode Island. 

Library of Am. Lit., I, 233, 242; Eggleston, Bk. 111,326-341; Doyle 
II, 126-141. 

1. Ann Hutchinson ; Her religious views and activities. 

2. The Controversy: Its connection with politics: Vane and 

Winthrop. 

3. Trial and banishment of Ann Hutchinson and her sup- 

porters, 1638. 

Hart, I, No. 108. 

4. Founding of Rhode Island, 1638-39. 

5. Early form of government. 

a. First American Federation, 1639. 

b. Constitution drawn up, 1641. 

Constitutional History of Rhode Island and Providence Planta- 
tions. 

Doyle, II, 181-189, 236-244, 267-271, 308-319; III, 127-130. 

1. Patent from the Long Parliament secured by Roger Williams, 

1643. 

Charters & Constitutions, II, 1594; Preston, no. 

2. Form of government of the four towns. 

3. Charter granted by Charles II, 1663. 

Charters & Consts., II, 1595. 

a. Chief features. 

b. Full liberty in religious matters. 
I. Was this always observed ? 

Hart, I, No. 115, pp. 405-6; No. 116, p. 409, 

4. Peculiar practice owing to strong local spirit. 

5. Aristocratic tendencies. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 

a. Restricted franchise. 

b. Laws of inheritance. 

II. The Colonization of Connecticut and New Haven. 

*Bib. C. & H. Guide, sects. 121-122; Fiske, 122-137; Eggleston, 
315-326, 343; Doyle, II, 149-60; III, 120, 243; Walker's Hooker, 
che. v-vi; Johnston, Connecticut, chs. vi, xi, xii. 

1. Colonization of the Connecticut River Valley. 

1. Grants to Lord Brook and Say and Seal. 

2. Rivalry of the Dutch and Pilgrims on the river, 1635. 

Hart, I, No. 117. 

3. The Mass. exodus, 1635-36. 

Hart, I, No, 118. 

a. Causes of the immigration. Democracy vs. Theocracy. 

b. Leader of the movement. Thomas Hooker. 

4. Early constitutional history. 

Pol. Science Quar., IV, 408-411. 

a. Relations to Mass. Bay Colony. 

b. Early government. 

c. Connecticut Const, or " Fundamental Orders: " 1639. 

Hart, I, No. 120; Old South Leaflets, No. 8; Preston, 78. 

I. Its importance. 

2. Founding of the New Haven Colony. 1638. 

Doyle, II, 190-199; III, 1 16-125. 

1. The leaders and their purpose. 

2. Form of government established in 1639. Theocratic. 

Hart, I, No. 94. 

3. Federation with other towns, 1643. 

4. Joined to Connecticut by the Charter of 1662, against its desire. 

Hart, I, No. 121. 

3. Connecticut after 1662. 

I. The Charter secured from Charles II, 1662. 

Charters & Consts., I; Old South Leaflets, No. 8; Preston, 96. 

a. Chief features. 

b. Extent of grant. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 34 

2. The " Blue Laws," True and False. 

Hart, I, No. 144. 

3. Material Development and characteristics of the colonists. 
III. The Founding of Maine and New Hampshire. 

Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 123 ; Doyle, II, Chap. vii. 

1. Early grants. 

2. Early settlements. 

3. Relation with Massachusetts. 

Hart, I, Nos. 123-126. 

XVI. THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION, 1643-84. 

*Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 124; Thwaites, chap, vii; Fiske, chap, 
iv ; Doyle, II, 220-236, 247-251, 284-302, III, 155; Fisher, Evolu- 
tion of the Const., 218-21; Morey, Annals of Pol. Science, VI, 
211-226; Salmon, The Union of Utrecht, Am. Hist. Ass. Report, 
1893, 135-148. 

1. Formation and Membership. 

1. What colonies included? 

2. What colonies excluded : Why ? 

3. Reasons for formation. 

a. Domestic. 

b. Foreign, 

4. Possible precedents : The Union of Utrecht. 

2. The Articles of Confederation. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 7, Preston, 85, 

1. Chief provisions. 

2. Inequality of the Union. 

3. Methods of procedure. 

Hart, I, No. 129. 

3. External Relations of the Confederacy. 

1. With the French. 

2. With the Dutch. 

3. With the Long Parliament. 



AMERICAN COI^ONIAL HISTORY, 35 

4. Internal Relations. 

^ I. Dealings with the Indians. 

Hart, I, Nos. 92, 133. 

a. Troubles with Gorton. 

3. Friction between Mass. and Conn. 

4. Attitude toward the Quakers. 

5. Decline of the Confederation. 

I. Causes, a. The " first nullification act." 

Hart, I, No. 131. 

6. Results- 

1. Germ of co-operation and union. 

2. Precedent for union. 

3. Provisions of Constitution which reappear in the Federal Const. 

XVII. STRUGGLE FOR THE CHARTER, AND RELATION 
WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 127; Doyle, III, 190-225; Twichell's, Winthrop, 119-126, 
176-181, 219-225; Osgood, Pol. Science Qnar., II, 446-455; Frothingham, Rise of t^ie 
Republic, 49-62. 

1. First Attempt to Annul the Charter, 1635- 1640. 

Hart, I, No. 109. 

1. Danger from the Crown. 

Hart, I, No. 128. 

a. Cause of the King's hostility. 

b. Quo warranto proceedings. 

c. Dilatory policy of Mass. authorities. 

d. Preparations for defense. 

Doyle, II, 119-120. 

2. Deliverance. 

2. Relations of the Colony to the Long Parliament and Government 

of Commonwealth. 

1. Parliament's claim of authority, 1646. 

2. Position of the colonists. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 36 

3. Reply of the General Court. 

Bancroft, U. S., I, 416-417. 

3. Relations with the Government of England after the Restora- 

tion, 1660. 

1. Declaration of the Rights of the Colonists (1661). 

Winsor, Memorial Hist, of Boston, I, 352; Hart, I, No. 132. 

a. Statement of their relation to the Crown. 

b. Significance of this document. 

2. King's reply and orders in regard to Regicides (1662). 

3. Negotiations of Agents of Mass. with the King. 

4. The Royal Commissioners (1664). 

a. Action of the Commissioners. 

b. Action of the General Court. 

c. Results. 

4. The Navigation Acts. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19. 

1. Attempt to enforce them in New England. 

a. Mission of Edward Randolph (1676-78). 

2. Resolutions of the General Court that the Trade Act did not 

apply to them, "not being represented in Parliament," 
1680. 
a. Importance. 

5. The Charter Annulled, 1684. 

Hart, 1, No. 135; Fiske, 253-266. 

1. Renewed hostility of the King. 
a. Causes. 

2. Proceedings and Defense (1683-84). 

3. Position of the Colonists. 

Bancroft, I, 404-6; last ed. 

XVIII. THE GOVERNMENT OF ANDROS, 1886-89. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, Sec. 128; Doyle, III, 230-243, 260-271, 288-294; Fiske, ch. vi. 
I. The Government ad interim under Dudley, 1685. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAI. HISTORY. 37 

2. Colonial Policy of James II. 

3. Andros Government. 

1. Extent of his commission. 

2. Powers and instructions. 

3. His tyrannical course. 

4. His reception in other colonies. 

Hart, I, No. 122. 

5. The Revolution of 1689 in New England. 

a. Occasion. 

Hart, I, No. 136; Lib, of Am. Lit., II, 72. 

b. Results. 

4. The New Charter, 1691-1774. 

Charters & Consts., I, 942-954. 

1. Extent: Included New Plymouth. 

2. Changes in the Government. 

a. Executive appointed by the King. 

b. Judges appointed by the Governor. 

c. Property qualification for the suffrage. 

3. Powers retained by the Freemen. 

4. Contrast with Royal Provinces. 

XIX. DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL LIFE IN 
THE PURITAN COLONIES. 

I. Social Life. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 148; Thwaites, viii; Lodge, Hist, of the Colonies, chap, xxii; 
Egglestou, Century, VIII, 387, and Hist. U. S., chaps, xvi-xix; Earle, Customs and 
Manners in Old New England; Fisher, Men, Women and Manners in Colonial 
Times; Chamberlain, Sam'l Sewall and the World he lived in; Adams, Three 
Episodes of Mass. History, II, chaps, vi, vii; Doyle, III, chaps, i, ix; Higginson, 
Larger History, chap. viii. 

I. Class Divisions. 

1. Aristocratic society. 

2. Sumptuary laws regulating dress, to preserve this distinction. 

3. Preeminence of the professional class, especially the clergy. 

Hart, I, No. 96. 



1 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 38 

4. Contrast with the structure of Southern society. 

a. The Northern more Democratic and homogeneous. 

2. Social life centered in the Church. 

Adams, II, chap. ix. 

3. Family Life. 

Hart, I, No. 149. 

1. Marriage encouraged. 

2. Treatment of bachelors. 

3. Training of children. 

4. Attitude toward amusements. 

4. Fashion. 

" On the Frivolities of Fashions " (1647). 

Lib. of Am. Lit, I, 276. 

5. New England Life as seen by Outsiders. 

Hart, I, Nos. 145, 146. 

II. Industrial System and Economic Conditions. 
Bib. Weeden's Economic and Social History of New England, and as above. 

1. Industrial Pursuits. 

1. Agriculture. 

Eggleston, Century, V, 431. 

2. Commerce and Ship building. 

Century, VI, 234. 

3. Fisheries. 

4. Manufacturing. 

2. System of Labor. 

1. Free. 

2. Slavery. 

a. Extent. 

b. Reasons for failure. 

c. The first ''anti-Slavery " tract. 

Hart, II, No. 103. 

3. Results of the system. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 39 

III. Religious Life and Moral Influences. 

1. Relation between Church and State. 

Doyle, III, 66-77. 

I. Political significance. 

Lauer, Church & State in New England, J. H. U. Studies, X, No. II-III ; 
Walker, Thomas Hooker; Borgeaud, Origin of Dem. Consts. 

2. The Church : Its organization and government. 

Old South Leafs, No. 55. 

1. The Congregational System. 

a. The Church. 

b. The Society or Corporation. 

2. The Pastor, Teacher and Deacons. 

a. Choice. 

b. Salary, paid by town. 

3. The Synod: A voluntary organization of the churches, 

3. The Puritan Sabbath. 

Earle, Sabbath in Puritan New England; Adams, II, chap. x. 

1. Sabbath laws in New England. 

Hart, I, No. 143. 

2. Compulsory attendance upon church. 

3. The tithing man: the regulation of the morals and conduct of 

the community. 

4. The Meeting-House and Church Services. 

Eggleston, Century, III, 352, XI, 901; Adamb, II, chap. ix. 

1. The Sermon. 

2. The Hymns. 

Hart, I, No. 138. 

5. Religious controversies. 

6. Religious experience. 

Lib. of Am. Lit. I, 170, 216, 276, 389. 

7. Intolerance of the Puritans. 

Adams, Mass., Its Historians and its History; Hart, I, No. 112. 

I. Early instances. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI, HISTORY. 40 

2. The treatment of the Quakers. 1656-60. 

Bib. C. & H. Guide, sect. 125; Hart, I, Nos. 140-142; Letters and Peti- 
tions of the Quakers, Lib. of Am. Lit, I, 394, 401; Hallowell, 
Quaker Invasion of Mass.; Doyle, III, 98-114, 400; Ellis, Puritan 
Age, ch. xii. 

3. Extenuating circumstances, if any. 

8. Superstition of the Puritans. 

1. The Salem Witchcraft. 1691-93. 

C. & H. Guide, sect. 129; Doyle, IIL 298-311; Hart, IL Nos. 16-18. 

2. Practice and belief in the rest of the civilized world. 

Burr, Translations and Reprints, vol. iii, No. 4. 

3. Point of view from which to be regarded. 

IV. Educational Influences. 

Boone, Education in the U. S. ; Palfrey, History of New England. 

1. Educational System General. 

1. Connecticut. 

a. First law. 1650. 

b. Yale College founded, 1700. 

Hart, IL No. 90. 

2. New Hampshire. 

a. First law, 1658. 

3. Rhode Island. 

a. First law, 1664. 

2. Introduction of printing, and diffusion of papers and pamphlets. 

3. Culture and ability of the clergy. 

Hart, I, No. 96. 

4. Effect upon politics, religion and society. 

V. Political Ideas and Institutions. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 147; Thwaites, chap. viii. 

I. Similar in the other New England Colonies to those in Mass. 

Bay. 

I. Democratic influence — strong. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 41 

a. Popular elections. 

b. Frequent elections. 

c. Town meetings; their tendency. 

Hart, II, No. 78. 



THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 

INSTITUTIONALLY, AS WELL AS GEOGRAPHICALLY, THE LINK BETWEEN 

NEW ENGLAND AND THE SOUTH. TYPICAL COLONIES, 

NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA. 

XX. NEW YORK. 

*Bib. C. & H. Guide, sect. 104; Thwaites, ch. ix; Winsor, Nar. & Critical Hist, iv, 
395-409; Lodge, ch. xvi; Eggleston, Century, III, 724; Wilson, Mem. Hist, of the 
City of New York, I; Br3'ant & Gay, I, 339-369, 429-449; Roberts, New York, I, 
chs. iii, iv, v, vi; Roosevelt, New York, 1-89; Tuckerman, Stuyvesant. 

I. The Dutch Rule. 

1. The Dutch and Henry Hudson. 

Higginson, Explorers, 281-296. 

I. His voyage and exploration. 

Hart, I, No. 38. 

a. Purpose. 

b. Results. 

2. Enterprises of the Dutch Trading Companies. 

1. Early settlements in New Netherlands. 
a. Trading posts. 

2. Permanent settlements. 

Hart, L No. 153. 

a. Fort Orange (1624). 

b. New Amsterdam (1626). 

3. The Patroons and their system. 

I. Origin of the system. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 42 

2. Inducement to settlers. 

a. Land grants. 

b. Feudal features. 

3. Results of the system, immediate and remote. 

4. Progress of Events. 

1. Relation with the English and Indians. 

2. Social government established. 

3. Early struggle for political rights. 

a. Nature of government established. 

b. Kieft's Advisory Council. 

c. Grievance of the colonists. 

d. Appeal to Holland. 

e. Stuyvesant and the people of New Amsterdam. 

Hart, I, No. 154. 

5. Relation with the Swedes on the Delaware. 

6. Rivalry with the English. 

1. Plymouth, 1628, 1633. 

2. In Connecticut. 

3. With the New England Confederation. 

4. Under Stuyvesant's rule. 

7. Conquest of New Netherlands, 1664. 

Hart, I, No. 155; Mag. of Am. History, XIX, 233. 

1. Causes and motives. 

2. Importance of the conquest. 

3. Immediate results. 

4. The reconquest and restoration (1673-74). 

8. State of the Colony at the Inauguration of English Rule. 

1. Population. 

2. Customs. 

3. Industries. 

4. Influence of the Dutch in American History. 

Campbell, Puritans in England, Holland and America; Griflfiths, In- 
fluence of the Netherlands; Harper's Mag., Vol. 88, 213. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 43 

II. English Rule in New York. 

* Bib. C. & H. Guide, sect. 105; Thwaites, chap, ix.; Winsor, Amer- 
ica, iii, 385-411; V, 189-207; Wilson, Mem. Hist, of N. Y. City, 
I-II; Fisher, Colonial Era, chaps, ix, xiv; Bryant & Gay, ii, 319- 
354; Lodge, 295-311; Roberts, I, ch. xii. 

1. The Duke of York, Proprietor. 

Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 92-96. 

1. Grants to the Duke, 1664, 1674. 

Charters & Consts., 783, 786. 

2. The "Duke's Laws." 

The " Duke of York's Laws." 

a. Nature and purpose. 

b. Ivocal Government. 

2. Under Andros, 1674-1683. 

3. Under Governor Dongan, 1683-1688. 

Hart, I, No. 156. 

1. Inauguration of new political institutions. 

2. The Charter of Liberties. 

Broadhead, N. Y., II, 383. 

a. Leading provisions. 

b. Source of authority. 

c. Compare with "Body of Liberties" of Mass. 

3. The accession of James II., 1685. 

a. He revokes representative government. 

b. Andros supersedes Dongan. 

4. The Revolution of 1688, or Leisler's Revolution. 

Hart, I, No. 157. 

1. Leisler's government, 1688-91. 

2. Colonial Congress, 1690. 

3. Leisler's arrest and execution. 

4. Compare Leisler with Nathaniel Bacon. 

5. New York a Royal Province, to the Revolution. 

Description in 1695, Lib. of Am. Lit., ii, 209. 

I. Reconstruction of the Government. 



I 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAI. HISTORY. 44 

a. Governors. 

b. The General Assembly. 

2. Religious Liberty. 

a. Catholics not tolerated. 

b. The English Church. 

c. Religious disputes between the Governor and Assembly. 

d. Results. 

3. Liberty of the press. 

a. Zenger's trial and results. 1732. 

Hart, II, No. 72. 

4. Struggle for Popular Government. 
a. Assembly versus Governor. 

1. Salary question. 

2. Money bills. 

3. Annual assemblies. 

XXI. PENNSYLVANIA. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 107, 108; Thwaites, chap, ix; S. G. Fisher, The Making of 
Pennsylvania; and Pennsylvania, Colony and Commonwealth; W. R. Shepherd, 
Hist, of Proprietary Government in Penna.; Winsor, America, III, 469-95, v, 208- 
217; Ivodge, English Colonies in America, chap, xii; Fisher, Colonial Era, chaps, 
xi, xvi; Proud or Gordon, Penna.; Young, Mem. Hist, of Philadelphia; Sharpless, 
A Quaker Experiment in Government. 

1. Dutch and Swedish Settlements on the Delaware. 

Hart, I, No. 158-59. 

2. Rise of the Quakers. 

Fisher, Making of Penna., chaps, ii-iii; Janney or Evans, History of 
the Friends. 

1. Characteristics and Opinions of the Quakers. 

Hart, II, No. 98; Applegarth, The Quakers in Penna., J. H. U., 
Studies, vol. X, Nos. VIII-IX; Scott, Development of Const. Lib., 
63-81. 

2. George Fox and the growth of the movement in England, 1640. 

3. The persecution of the Quakers. 

a. In England. 

b. In the Colonies. 



AMERICAN COIvONIAL HISTORY. 45 

3. William Penn. 

Janney, Dixon or Clarkson, Life of Penn. 

1. His early life and conversion to the Society of Friends. 

2. His connection with the colonization of New Jersey by Quakers. 

3. His connection with the Stuarts. 

4. Reasons for desiring to found a colony. 

4. Grant and Charter to Penn, as Proprietor, 1681. 

Poore, II, 1509; Preston, 130; " Duke of York Laws," 82. 

1. Extent of grant. 

Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 98-104, 110-118. Janney, chs. xii, xviii. 

a. Secures grant of Delaware from the Duke of York. 

b. Later boundary disputed. 

Shepherd, ch. vii; Fisher, Making of Penna., chs. x-xi. 

1. Maryland and Virginia. 

2. Connecticut. 

3. New York. 

4. Mason and Dixon's L/ine; 1763-67. 

Hart, I, No, 77, II, No. 38. 

2. Chief provisions of the Charter. 

a. Position of the Proprietor. 

b. Law Making body. 

c. Taxation. 

d. Religious toleration. 

3. Compare with Maryland and the other Proprietary grants. 

Osgood, in Am. Hist. Review, iv, 31. 

5. Measures taken to attract emigrants. 

1. Penn's "Concessions." 

Poore, II, 1516; Duke's Laws, 91. 
a. Its character. 

2. Penn's Constitution or " Frame of Government " of 1682. 

Poore, II, 1518; Duke's Laws, 91. 

a. Drawn in England. 

b. Penn's political philosophy. 

c. Nature of the government. 

d. Relation between Proprietor and colonists. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAI. HISTORY. 46 

3. Results of these measures. 

a. A large emigration. 

1. From England. 

2. From the Continent 

b. Settlement of Philadelphia. 

Hart, I, No. 161. 

6. Penn's first visit, and the Assembly at Chester, 1682. 

* Fisher, Penna., 1-35. 

1. Penn calls Assembly. 
a. Purpose. 

2. Its Work. 

a. "Act of Settlement " or Frame of Government of 1683. 

Poore, II, 1527; Duke's Laws, 155. 

b. "The Great Body of Laws." 

Duke's Laws, 107, 192-198. 

c. Chief provisions relating to — 

1. Governor, Council and Assembly. 

2. Religious freedom and Sunday Laws. 

3. Regulation of moral conduct. 

4. Inheritance. 

5. Arbitrators. 

6. Rights of prisoners, 

7. Amendment provision. 

7. Treatment of the Indians. 

Fisher, Penna., ch. vii; Applegarth, Quakers. 

1. The Great Treaty. 

Hart, I, No. 162; Lib. of Am. Lit. II, 227. 

2. The " Walking Purchase." 

8. The growth of the Colony. 

1. Variety of races represented. 

2. Areas settled by the diflferent races. 

Hart, I, No. 163; Lib. of Am. Lit. II, 210; Fisher, Making of Penna., 
chs. iv-viii. 

9. The Province after Penn's departure. 

Fisher, Penna,, 35-65. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAI. HISTORY. 47 

1. Disturbance in the colony to 1693. 

- a. Causes and attempted remedies. 

2. A Royal Colony. (1693-1694.) 

a. Penn deprived of his authority and placed on trial. 
d. Gov. Fletcher and the Assembly. 

3. The Restoration of Penn's authority. 
a. Changes in the government. 

I. Markham's Frame, 1696. 

Poore II, 1531; Duke's Laws, 245. 

ID. The Return of Penn, and His Last Acts in the Colony, i6gg- 

1701. 

I. The Charter of Privileges, 1701. 

Poore, II, 1536. 

a. Its chief provisions. 

1. Release of the " Territories." (Delaware.) 

Hart, II, No. 27. 

2. The Legislative Body, Unicameral. 
a. Its powers. 

3. The reappearance of the Council. 

11. Penn's Last Years and Death, 1718. 

1. Imprisonment. 

2. Dispute over his estate. 

12. Continuous struggle between the Representative of the Proprie- 

tor and the People of the Colony, to the Revolution. 

Hart, II, No. 31. 

1. Over-taxation. 

2. Salary. 

3. War measures. 

XXIL INSTITUTIONAI, LIFE IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 

*Bib. Lodge, Eng. Colonies, chs. xiii, xvii; Earle, Colonial Days in Old New York; 
Fisher, Men, Women and Manners; Scott, Development of Constitutional Liberty, 
ch. vi; Budd, Colonial Legislature in Penn., 1700-1712. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 48 

1. Chief Characteristics. 

^. Little that was distinctive in institutions. 

2. Diversity of population, very marked. 

3. Variety in institutional life and customs. 

2. Politics and Government. 

1. New York. 

a. Struggle for popular government. 

2. Pennsylvania. 

a. Democratic tendency. 

3. Local Government: "The Mixed Systems." 

Fiske, Civil Government, 78-79; Howard, Local Const. Hist., 102- 
117, 358-364, 368-387; Holcomb, Penna. Boroughs, J. H. U. Studies, 
Vol. IV., No. IV. 

a. The chief difference between local institutions in New York 
and Pennsylvania. 

b. Influence upon the West. 

3. Religion. 

1. In New York. 

a. Under the Dutch. 

b. Under the English. 

1. Position of the English Church. 

2. Position of the Other Churches. 

3. How far was toleration practiced ? 

2. In Pennsylvania. 

a. Religious freedom. 

b. Various sects and influences. 

Hart, II, No. 97, p. 278. 

4. Educational Facilities. 

Fisher, Penn, ch. viii; Boone, Education in the U. S. 

1. New York. 

a. Schools established under the Dutch. 

b. Extent and influence. 

c. Under the English. 

2. Pennsylvania. 

a. No general system. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 49 

b. Early schools in Philadelphia and vicinity. 

c. Franklin University (Univ. ofPenna., 1740-1749.) 
3. Compare with New England and the South. 

5. Industrial Life and Occupation. 

Hart, II, Nos. 25, 28. 

1. Agriculture, favored by physicial conditions. 

2. Manufactures. 

3. Foreign Commerce, extensive. 

4. Slavery and Indented Servants. 

Hart, II, No. 105; Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, V. 337. 

a. Extent. 

b. Early Protests against Slavery, 1688, 1737. 

Hart, II, Nos. 102, 106; Lib. of Am. Lit., Ill, 78, 84. 

6. Social Life. 

1. Social classes: degree of separation. 

2. Houses and furnishings. 

3. Dress and customs. 

4. Social gatherings and pastimes. 

XXIIL FRENCH EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION 

AFTER 1600. 

I. Early Settlements in Canada and the North. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 89; Winsor, America, IV, 103; Parkman, Pioneers of France 
in the New World; Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; Bourinot's Story of Canada; 
Hart, Contemporaries, I, Nos. 39-41. 

I. Revival of French activity in America at opening of the XVII. 
Century. 

a. Causes. 

b. De Monts in Acadia: 1603-04. 

Parkman, Pioneers, 245-257. 

c. Champlain's Explorations: New England, 1604; Quebec, 

1608; Lake Champlain, 1609; Lake Huron, 1615. 
Higginson, Explorers, 269-278. 

d. English capture and restore the French settlements. 1625- 

32. 

e. Growth of the French colonies. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 50 

2. French Exploration of the Interior. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 90-91; Bryant & Gay, II, 499-553; Bancroft, U. S. Ill, 109- 
174; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, ch. ii; Parkman, La Salle and the Discovery 
of the Great West; Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; Winsor, The Mississippi Basin, 
Winsor, America, IV, chs. v-vi; Hart, I, Nos. 42-43, II, Nos, 109-111. 

1. Lakes Superior and Michig^an discovered, by 1635. 

2. Joliet and Marquette discover the Mississippi: 1673. 

Hart, I, No. 42. 

3. Hennepin at the Falls of St. Anthony: 1680. 

4. La Salle explores Mississippi to its mouth. 1681. 

Hart, I, No. 43. 

a. Attempt to settle and his death. 1684-87. 

5. Iberville and Bienville in Mobile Bay and the Lower Missis- 

sippi: Biloxi: 1699-1701. 
Hamilton, Colonial Mobile. 

6. New Orleans founded: 1717. 

King, New Orleans, Place and People. 

7. "The Chain of Forts." 



XXIV. RIVALRY OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH: THE 
STRUGGLE FOR POSSESSION. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 131-132; Winsor, America, V, 407, 490; Parkman, Frontenac 
and New France, 208-285, 335-387; Parkman, A Half Century of Conflict; Park- 
man, Montcalm and Wolf; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Sloane, The French 
War and the Revolution, chs. iii-ix; Hart, Formation of the Union, ch. ii; Froth- 
ingham. Rise of the Republic, 1,84-94, 131-157; Johnson, the Old French Wars; 
Drake, The Border Wars of New England; Winsor, The Mississippi Basin; Hins- 
dale, The Old Northwest, chs. iii-v; Hart, II, Nos. 112, 117, 120, 123-129. 

1. General Causes of Rivalry. 

1. Character and interests of the French and English nations. 

2. Opposite tendencies and character of their colonists. 

3. Geographical relations. 

2. Colonial Extension. 

1. French plans and policy. 

2. Gov. Dongan of N. Y. tries to block French extension westward. 

3. English confined to the seaboard. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAI, HISTORY. cj 

The Inter-Colonial Wars. 

1. King William's War: 1690-1697. (William and Louis XIV.) 

a. Immediate causes: Struggle for Acadia and New France. 

b. Strength of combatants. 

c. Chief events. 

d. Results. 

2. Queen Anne's War: 1702-1713. (Spanish Succession.) 
a., b., c, d.^ as above, e. Peace of Utrecht. 

3. King George's War: 1744-48. (War of Austrian Succession.) 
«., b.^ r., d.^ as above. 

4. The French and Indian War: 1 754-1 763. (The Seven Years 
War.) 

a. Causes in America. Struggle for the Mississippi and 

Louisiana. 

1. The French claim: The Ohio Valley. 

2. The Virginia claims to the Valley of the Mississippi. 

3. Preliminaries to the contest. 

b. Field of operations and leading events. 

c. Peace of Paris: 1763. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 5. 

I. Geographical results. France abandons the continent. 

a. Territory ceded by France to England. 

b. Territory ceded by France to Spain. 

c. Territory ceded by Spain to England. 

5. Results of the Struggle. 

a. On the political and social institutions of America. 

b. On the relations of the Colonists to England and each other. 

c. On the World's History. 

6. England's organization of the ceded territory. 
a. Proclamation of 1763. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 5. 

1. Province of Quebec. 

2. East and West Florida. 

3. Atlantic Colonies confined to seaboard by proclamation. 

Hinsdale, Old Northwest, ch. viii; Winsor, The Westward Move- 
ment; Channing, Student's History, 136-138. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 53 

XXV. PLANS OF UNION AMONG THE ENGUSH 
COLONIES. 

*Bib. Carson, One Hundredth Anniversary of the Const, of the U. S., II, 439-503; 
Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 83-95, 110-121, 132-151; Fisher, Evolution ot 
the Const., ch. vi; Am. Hist. Leaflets, Nos. 7, 14; Am. Hist. Studies, No. 3; Pres- 
ton, 146, 176. 

1. The New England Confederation. 

See Ante. 

2. Joint Indian Treaty Conventions and Congresses. 1684-1751. 
I. Gov. Dongan of N. Y, calls first. 1684. Nine in all. 

3. Leisler's Convention. 1696. 

4. W^illiam Penn's Plan of Union: 1697. 

5. Plans of Board of Trade. 

1. Plans between 1660-1697. 

2. Report of 1697. 

6. D'Avenant's Plan : 1698. 

7. " A Virginian's Plan : " 1701. 

8. Livingston's Plan: 1701. 

9. Board of Trade's Plan : 1721. 

10. Coxe's Plan: 1722. 

11. Kennedy's Plan: 1751. 

12. Dinwiddie's Plan: 1754. 

13. Summary of the above plans. 

1. Democratic plans, local self-government preserved. 

2. Royalists' plans, centralization. 

3. Reason for non-action: Community of interests unappreciated. 

14. The Albany Convention : 1754. 

Sparks, Topical Reference List, sec. 10. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 53 

1. Occasion for the call of the Congress. 

2. Colonies represented. 

3. Franklin's Plan: Debated: Adopted, July 11. 

Preston, 176. 

4. Chief features of plan adopted. 

a. New and important principles embodied. 

5. Rejection: Why objectionable to: 

a. The English Government. 

b. The Colonial Assemblies. 

Hart, II, No. 125. 

6. Contemporaneous Plans: 1754. 

a. Hutchison's Plan in Mass. Assembly. 

b. Plans of Lords of Trade. 

15. Elements of Union or Disunion. 

1. Difficulties of Union: Wide separation and differences in inter- 

est and institutions. 

2. Conditions favorable to Union: Community of interests and 

relations to Mother country. 

Scott, Reconstruction during the Civil War, chs, iii-iv; Crane and 
Moses, Politics, ch. ix. 

XXVI. THE ENGLISH COLONIES TO THE MIDDLE OF THE 

XVIII CENTURY. 

'^Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 133, 146-148; Thwaites, ch. xiv; Hart, Formation of the 
Union, ch. i; Channing, The United States, ch. i; Sloane, French War and Rev., 
ch. ii; Osgood, Pol. Science Ouar. II, 440-460; Frothingham, Rise of the Repub- 
lic, 13-28; Crane & Moses, ch. viii; Lecky, England, II, 1-21; Fisher, Evolution 
of the Const.; Wilson, The State, sees. 832-862; Schouler, Const. Studies, 9-28. 

I. Social, Economic and Moral Conditions and Institutions. 

1. Population : Races and distribution. 
a. Social conditions and classes. 

2. Economic conditions: Variety of employment. 

a. Labor systems: Slaves and White Servants. 

Hart, II, Nos. 105-108. 

b. Methods of exchange: Trade and currency. 

Hart, II, Nos. 88, 89. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 54 

3. Religion and Toleration. 

a. Religious status of the different colonies. 

b. Degree of toleration granted. 

4. Intellectual Life. 

a. Educational standards and opportunities. 

b. Colonial literature. 

Summary of the Political Institutions. 

Hart, II, Nos. 45-53- 

1. Nature and types of Colonial Government. 

a. Charter. 

b. Proprietary Province. 

c. Royal Province. 

2. Departments of Government. 

a. The Executive: Governor, assisted by Council. 

Hart, II, Nos. 54-60. 

b. The Legislative: Nearly all Bi-cameral. 

Hart, II, Nos. 61-68. 

c. The Judiciary. 

Hart, II, Nos. 69-74. 

d. Relation between the Departments. 

3. Types of Local Government. 

Hart, II, Nos. 75-79. 

4. Principles of Government. 

a. Colonial method of representation. 

b. Power of the Representatives of the People. 

Relation of the Colonies to England after the Revolution of 1688. 

1. English Governmental Organs: King, Parliament, Lords of 

Trade. 
a. Effect of the Revolution of 1688-89 on the position of the 
King and Parliament. 

2. Legislation by Parliament prior to 1763. 

a. The Commercial System. 

b. The Colonial Post Office. 

3. Control by the Crown. 

a. The Quarrels between the Governors and the Assemblies. 
I. Causes. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 55 

2. Typical cases. 

3. Attitude of the English Government toward those con- 
flicts and its effect. 

4. England's Commercial and Industrial Restrictions upon the 

Colonies. 

1. The Mercantile System: The Colonial Policy of the Age. 

2. The Commercial Policy of England in 1750. 

Beer, The Commercial Policy of England. 

a. The Navigation Acts. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19. 

I. Sugar Act of 1733. 

b. Restraints on manufacturers. 

1. Wool and woolen goods: 1699. 

2. Hat trade and apprentices: 17 19. 

3. Iron manufacture: 1750. 

c. Encouragement of the production of naval stores. 

Lord, Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies. 

d. Enforcement not rigid: Smuggling. 

Hart, IL No. 87. 

3. Conflict of Commercial Interests: Results. 

5. The Rights and Duties of the Colonists as Englishmen. 

1. The Common Law rights: How far applicable? 

2. Charter rights: How far valid? 

3. Colonists jealous of their rights. 

6. Increasing divergence between American and English ideas and 

institutions. 

1. Engendered by separation and physical conditions. 

2. By different social, economic and political conditions. 

3. By the diffusion of the spirit of freedom and democracy in the 
colonies. 

4. The result: the breach constantly widening and separation but 
a question of time. 



AMERICAN COI.®NIAIv HISTORY. 56 

INTER-COLONIAL UNION AGAINST ENGLAND: 1760-1776. 
STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN. 

XXVII. THE INAUGURATION OF THE NEW COLONIAL 

POLICY. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 134; Frothiugham, ch. v; L,ecky, England, ch. xii; Winsor, 
America, VI, ch. i; Channing, The United States, 41-56; Fiske, The Am. Rev., I, 
11-27; Woodburn, Causes of the Am. Rev., J. H. U. Studies, X, 553; Sloane, French 
War and Rev., chs, x-xii; Hart, Formation of the Union, ch. ii; Hosmer, Samuel 
Adams. 

1. The New Issue in Constitutional Government. 

1. George III. idea of government. 

Hart, II, No. 130 ; Fiske, I, 38-45. 

a. In England. 

b. In the Colonies. 

2. The Enforcement of the Navigation Acts. 
a. Means : Writs of Assistance. 

1. Nature and legality. 

2. James Otis' Argument against their legality and pre- 

sentation of the " Rights of the Colonies," 

Hart, II, No. 131; Tudor's Life of Otis, ch. vi ; Tyler, I^iterary His- 
tory of the Revolution, I, 30-52; Thayer, Cases on Const. Law, I, 
48-55; Hosmer, LifeofThos. Hutchinson, chs. iii-v. 

3. Later writings of Otis, and source of his argument. 
a. LockCj "Essay on Government." 

3. The " Parson's Cause:" 1763. 

Hart, II, No. 37. 

a. Patrick Henry's speech : attacks King's veto power. 

Tyler, Patrick Henry, ch. iv. 

2. Grenville's threefold policy. 

1. Rigid enforcement of the Navigation Acts. 

a. Changes in the Acts. 

b. Machinery for execution. 

c. Effect : trade injured and colonists irritated, 

2. Maintenance of a Standing Army in the Colonies. 

a. Ostensible cause : Pontiac's Conspiracy. 

b. Real cause : Prevention of resistance by the colonists. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 57 

Taxation of the Colonies. 

a. Taxation prior to 1763. 

b. Reason for the proposed taxes : Justice of colonial taxation. 

c. Grenville proposes stamp duties : 1764. 

Hart, II, No. 133. 

d. Colonists protest, but suggest no alternative. 

e. The Stamp Act passed : 1765. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 21. 

1. Reception in the Colonies : Methods of resistance. 

a. Popular meetings and mob violence. 

Hart, II, Nos. 139, 140. 

b. Organization of Sons of Liberty and inauguration of 
a boycott of English goods. 

c. Action by the Colonial Assemblies. 

1. Virginia : Henry's resolutions : 1765. 

Frothingham, 180. 

2. Massachusetts : Call for a Colonial Congress. 

3. Response of the other colonies. 
ci. The Stamp Act Congress : 1765. 

1. Character and authority. 

2. Its Work : Declaration of Rights. 

Hart, II, No. 141; Preston, 188. 

3. Results : a. Precedent established. 

b. Unites and intensifies common interests. 

2. The Stamp Act Repealed : 1766. 

Hart, II, No. 144. 

a. Franklin's Examination in House of Commons. 

Hart, II, No. 143; Lib. of Am. Lit., Ill, 21. 

b. Pitt's speech. 

Hart, II, No. 142; Adams, British Orations, I, 98. 

c. The Declaratory Act. 

Winsor, America, VI, 32. 

d. Results of the controversy. 

Frothingham, 189, 190, 193. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HIS*PORY. 58 

XXVIII. THE REVENUE CONTROVERSY : COERCION 
versus ACTIVE RESISTANCE, 1 767-1 774. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 135, 136; Sparks, Ref. Lists, sees. 16-28; Frothingham, chs. 
vi-ix; Winsor, America, VI, 39-41; Fiske, Am. Rev., I, 28-98; Lecky, ch. xii; 
Channing, United Statse, 56-71; Lodge, eh. xxiii; Woodburn, Causes of the Revo- 
lution; Sloane, chs. xii-xiv; Hart, Formation of the Union, 28-68; Tyler,- Literary 
History of the Rev. 

1. Political Theories as to the relation of the Colonies to England. 

Bancroft, V, chs. xxi, xxii; Sloane, chs. x-xii; Channing, U. S., 
28-40; Johnson's U. S. History and Const., 35-39; and as above. 

1. English Theories. 

a. Moderate view : Pitt. 

Hart, II, No. 142, 

b. Government view : Mansfield, the Crown lawyer. 

Adams, British Orations, I, 150. 

2. American or Colonial Theories. 

a. General opinion : No internal taxation without repre- 
sentation. 

1. Representation and Franchise in England and America. 

2. Virtual and actual representation. 

b. Views of the extreme radicals : Samuel Adams. 

2. Conflict of the Two Theories. 

I. The Townshend Acts : 1767. 

a. Reorganization of the Colonial Customs Service. 

1. Board of Revenue Commissioners. 

2. Writ of Assistance legalized. 

b. Coercion of the Colonial Legislatures. 

I. Attack upon the New York Assembly. 

c. New Revenue Duties: External taxes. 

Hart, II, No. 145. 

I. Reception of these measures. 

a. Change in Colonial Doctrine to "No legislation with- 
out representation:" Gradual acceptance of the radi- 
cal views of Adams. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAL HISTORY. 59 

b. The "Farmer's Letters" of Dickinson. 

Hart, II, No. 149; Tyler, Lit. History, I, 234-238; Dickinson's 
Writings, I, 167-173, 275. 

c. " Sons of Liberty " and non-importation societies. 

Tyler, ch. xi, 

d. Massachusetts circular letter: 1768. 

Mace, Manual, 151. 

1. Mass. commanded to rescind and other Assemblies 
ordered to ignore it. 

2. The Colonists refuse to obey this order. 

e. The Virginia Resolutions of 1769. 

Frothingham, 232-37. 

2. Non-importation forces partial repeal of these measures. 
2. Drifting into Revolution, 

1. The quartering of troops and the "Boston Massacre:" 1770. 

Hart, II, No. 151. 

2. Burning of the "Gaspee," 1772. 

3. Committee of Correspondence organized. 

a. Local Committees proposed by Mass., 1772. 

b. Colonial Committees proposed by Virginia: 1773. 

4. Resistance to Tea Importation: "Boston Tea Party," 1773. 

Hart, II, No. 152; Old South Leaflets, No. 68. 

5. England retaliates: Attempt to coerce Massachusetts: 1774. 

a. "The Intolerable Acts." 

b. The Quebec Act. 

Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 141; CoflGiii, The Quebec Act 

c. Mass. sustained by the other Colonies. 
I. Jefferson, "Summary View." 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 11. 

6. Massachusetts calls a Continental Congress- 

Fiske, I, 104. 

a. The Congress meets at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774. 

Hart, II, No. 153. 

1. Its composition. 

2. Its work. 

a. Supports Mass. The Suffolk resolves and its re- 
ply to the same. 
Mace, Manual, 172-178. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 6o 

b. Declaration of Rights. 

Preston, 192. 

c. The American Association. 

Preston, 199; Hart, II, No. 154. 

d. Its ultimatum. 

e. Provision for another Congress. 
3. Its Effect. 

a. In America: Sentiment of union and resistance 
strengthened. 

b. In England : King commands more repressive 
measures against Mass. Parliament rejects Chat- 
ham's conciliatory policy. 

c. The issues joined. 

7. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress assemblies. Oct., 

1774, 

a. Organizes for resistance. 

8. The Battles of I^exington and Concord. April 19, 1775. 

Hart, II, No. 191. 



XXIX. STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF MAN : ORIGIN 
AND GROWTH OF INDEPENDENCE. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 137; Sparks, sees. 29-32; Frothingham, chs. x-xi; Sloane, chs. 
xvi-xix; Fiske, American Revolution, I, chs. iii, iv; Lecky, ch. xiv; Higginson, 
Larger History, 249-293; Hart, Formation of the Union, 70-106; Sabine, Loyalists 
of the American Revolution; Channing, United States, ch. iii. 

I. The Second Continental Congress. May 10, 1775. 
Hart, II, No. 185. 

a. Its nature and composition. 

b. Its authority examined. "A head without a body." 

c. Necessity of organization leads it to assume sovereign powers. 

1. Organizes an Army and Navy. 

2. Declares war. 

3. Issues continental currency. 

4. Establishes Treasury and Post OflSce Departments. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 6i 

5. Advises the colonies to institute provisional governments. 
d. Strength of the government during the war. 

2. Origin and Growth of Independence. Transition from the Struggle 
for the Rights of Englishmen to that for the Rights of Man. 

1. Promoted by American institutions and training. 

2. Sentiments of independence born : Early predictions. 

Frothingham, 245, 343, 349, 369, 402, 428, 437, 442, 443. 

3. Americans refute the charge. 

4. Attitude of New England and its leaders. 

5. Attitude of the Middle and Southern Colonies. 

Frothingham, 465-467, 483. 

6. The King's course promotes it. 

Hart, II, No. 158. 

a. Refusal to receive petition. 

b. Colonists proclaimed rebels. 

c. Mercenary troops hired. 

7. Independence Impending. 

Winsor, America, VI, ch. iii; Tyler, Lit. Hist, of Rev. I, ch, xxii. 

a. The "Mecklenburg Declaration:" 1775. 

Frothingham, 442-449. 

b. The attitude of Congress during the winter of 1775-76. 

c. "Common Sense," by Thos. Paine, Jan., 1776. 

Tyler, I, 452-74; Hart, II, No. 186. 

d. Action of Colonial Assemblies, April, 1776-May 15, 1776. 

e. Action of Congress. 

1. John Adams' motion: May 15. 

2. Lee's motion: June 7. 

3. Vote postponed: Reasons. 

4. Procedure upon Independence. 

5. Jefferson and the Declaration. 

Tyler, I, ch. xxiii; Hart, II, No. 188. 

6. Adoption of the Declaration, July 4. 

Preston, 210. 

7. Political Doctrines of the Declaration: Source. 

Fisher, Yale Rev., II, 403; Ritchie, Pol. Science Quar., VI, 656; 
Channing, U. S., S6-87. 

8. Justification of the Revolution. 



AMERICAN COIyONIAIv HISTORY. 62 

XXX. THE TRANSITION FROM COLONIAL TO COMMON- 
WEALTH GOVERNMENTS. 

•*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 143; Jameson, Constitutional Convention, sees. 125-158; 
Fiske, Critical Period, ch. ii; Frothingham, 441-451, 481-482, 491-493, 561-568; 
Webster, Annals of Am. Academy, IX, 300; Moi;ey, Annals, IV, 201; Hildreth, U. 
S., Ill, 374-395; Schouler, Const. Studies, 29-69; Small, J. H. Univ. Studies, VIII, 
i; Chamberlain, Yale Review, II, 248; Bancroft, U. S., IX, 428-434. 

1. The Colonial Governments in 1775. 

1. Legal relation to England. 

2. Provisional Governments. 

2. The advice of Congress sought and followed. 

Jameson, sees. 127-128; Cushing, Transition from Provisional to 
Commonwealth Government in Mass., 161-164; Journal of Cong., 
I, 219; II, 158, 166. 

3. Formation of the State Constitutions of the Revolutionary Period. 

Bib. Mass: Cushing, as above; New York, Dougherty, Pol. Science 
Quar., Ill, 489; Penna., Ford, Pol. Science Quar., X, 426; Hard- 
ing, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1894, 371; Maryland, Silver, J. 
H. U. Studies, XIII, No. x. 

1. Mode of formation and ratification. 

Borgeaud, Adoption and Amendment of Consts., 137-145. 

2. Leading Features. 

a. Source and general character: selection and preservation of 
colonial institutions. 

b. Bills of Right: Origin and general nature: Influence. 

c. Legislative Department. 

1. Form: Bi or Uni-cameral; Name; Ternj; Qualifications. 

2. Powers: Very extensive. 

d. Executive Department. 

1. Form: Governor or Executive Board; Election; Term; 
Qualification; Councils. 

2. Powers: Degree given: Very limited. 

e. Judiciary Department. 

1. Form: Selection; Term; System of Appeals. 

2. Powers: Extent. Lacked security and independence. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 63 

f. Suflfrage: Property and Religious Qualifications. 

g. Relation between Church and State. 
h. Amendment: Provision for. 

/. Defects. 
Relation to the Government of the United States. 

a. Sovereignty of the States. 

b. Is the Union older than the States? 



XXXI. FORMATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDER- 
ATION : NATIONALISM Versus PARTICULARISM- 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 142; Sparks, Topical Lists, sec. 34, 35; Fiske, Critical Per- 
iod, ch. iii; Frothingham, 561-577; Hildretli, III, 139, 266, 395-398; Curtis, Hist. 
of the Const, I, 53, 1 14-149, or (new ed.) I, 36, 86, 72, 87-103; Bancroft, Hist, of 
Const., I, ch. i; Landon, Const. History, 42-62; Lalor, I, 575, II, 932; Story, Com. 
sees. 222-243; Bancroft, U. S. (last rev.), IV, 243-44, 260, 316-17, V, 10-15, 199-208, 
283, 284, 454-55, 508; Jameson, Const. Conventions, sees. 159-162; Schouler, 
Const. Studies, Part II, ch. iii. 

I. Formation of the Articles of Confederation. 

1. Nature of Federal Government. 

2. Plans before the Continental Congress. 

a. Galloway's Plan : 1774. 

Frothingham, 367-68; Fisher, 238-39; Tyler, I, 369-383. 

b. Franklin's Plan: 1775. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20. 

c. Committee appointed " to prepare the form of a confedera- 

tion." June II, 1776. 

d. Report Dickinson's Draft, July 12, 1776. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20. 

I. Compare with Franklin's plan. 

3. Debate on the Dickinson Draft. 

a. Apportionment of taxes. 

b. Apportionment of representation: Slave representation. 

Hart, II, No. 189. 

c. Question of the Public Lands. 

d. Powers of Congress and the States. 

e. Difficulties of framing an acceptable plan. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 64 

I. Triumpli of "Particularism" by 1777. 

4. The Articles of Confederation. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20; Preston, 219; MacDonald, Select Docu- 
ments, 6. 

a. Agreed to by Congress, Nov. 15, 1777. 

b. Genesis of the Articles: Foreign precedents. 

Friedenwald, Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1896, 228-230. 

c. Analysis of the Articles. 

1. Nature: "A League of Friendship." 

2. Radical error at basis: Doctrine of sovereignty. 

3. Powers of the Congress over: 

a. Foreign Afifairs. 

b. Domestic Affairs. 

4. Prohibitions upon the States. 

5. Defects: 

a. In Form. 

b. In Powers granted. 

c. In means to enforce Powers. 

5. Ratification. 

a. Opposition to ratification. Small States call for cession of 
Western Claims. (See post, p. 66.) 

b. Last States ratify: 

1. New Jersey, Nov. 20, 1778. 

2. Delaware, Feb. i, 1779. 

3. Maryland, Jan. 30, 1781. 

Hart, II, No. 205. 

c. Articles go into effect: March i, 1781. 

Hart, II, No. 209. 

6. Organization of the Govermnent under the Articles. 

C. & H., Guide, sec. 149. 

a. The Congress: Membership; Attendance; Methods of trans- 
acting business; The President of Congress. 

Hart, II, No. 190. 

b. Executive Boards and Heads of Departments: Committee of 
States. 

Jameson, Essays, 156-185. 

c. Courts of Arbitration and Appeals. 

Jameson, Essays, 1-45. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAI, HISTORY. 65 

XXXII. PROBI.EMS CONFRONTING THE CONGRESS OF 
THE CONFEDERATION. 

1. Foreign Relations. 

1. The French Alliance. 

C. & H., Guide, sec. 139. 

2. The Treaty of Peace. 

*C. & H., Guide, sec. 141; Sparks, sec. 36; Fiske, Critical Period, 
ch. i; Lecky, England, ch. xv; Winsor, America, VII, 89-184; 
Winsor, The Westward Movement, ch. xii; Hale, Franklin in 
Paris, II; Pellew, John Jay, chs. vii-viii; Sloane, ch. xxix; Hins- 
dale, Old Northwest, ch. x. 

a. The negotiations at Paris in 1782. 

1. The American Commissioners. 

2. The Rivalry of Fox and Shelburne. 

3. Jay's suspicions of France and Spain. 

4. The *' Preliminary Articles " signed: Nov. 30, 1782. 

Hart, II, Nos. 216-217. 

d. The Definitive Treaty: The Second Treaty of Paris. Sept, 
3, 1783- 

MacDonald, Select Documents, 15. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. The Loyalists. 

3. The Debts. 

4. The Fisheries. 

c. Difficulty of carrying out the Treaty: 
a. With Great Britain. 

Fiske, 1 19-133. 138-142. 

k With Spain. 

1. Over the Southern Boundary. 
Hinsdale, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1893, 339. 

2. Over the Navigation of the Mississippi. 

Fiske, 208, 

3. Difficulty of Forming Treaties with Foreign Nations. 

(See Commercial Relations.) 

2. Land Cessions and The North-West Ordinance. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 66 

I. Origin of the National Domain. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 150; Hindsdale, Old Northwest, chs. xii- 
xiii, i; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. v; Adams, J. H. U. Studies, III, 
i; Donaldson, Public Domain, 59-88; Towle, Hist, of Const, 351- 
360; Winsor, America, VII, 527; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 22. 

a. The Claims of the States. 

b. Basis of these claims. 

c. Cause of the delay in the ratification of the Articles of Con- 
federation: Maryland's action, 1777-1781. 

d. The Northwest Cessions. 

1. New York, March i, 1781. 

2. Virginia, March 4, 1784. 

3. Massachusetts, March 13, 1784. 

4. Connecticut, Sept. 19, 1786. (1800.) 

2. The Administration of the Northwest Territory. 

a. The Fundamental Resolution of Congress. Oct. 10, 1780. 

b. Jefferson's Ordinance of 1784. 

c. King's futile attempt at anti-slavery restrictions: 1785. 

d. Land Ordinance of 1785. 

e. Various reports and suggestions of Committees: 1786-87. 

3. The Ordinance of 1787. 

*MacDonald, Select Documents, 21; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, chs. 
xiv-xv; Stone, The Northwest Ordinance; Poole, North Am. Rev., 
CXXII, 229-265; Cutler, Life of Manasseh Cutler, I, ch. viii'; 
Lalor, Cyclopaedia, III, 30-34; Winsor, The Westward Movement,' 
ch. xiv; and as above. 

a. The immediate occasion for its passage. 

1. The financial straits of the Confederacy. 

2. The Ohio Company. 

3. The Agency of Manasseh Cutler. 

b. The Authorship of the Ordinance. 

c. The Nature of the Ordinance. July 13, 1787. 

1. The Government of the Territory. 

2. The "unalterable compact" with the future States. 

a. Free soil. 

b. Religious freedom. 

c. Support and encouragement of Common Schools. 

d. Civil liberty. 

e. Admission of New States. 



AMERICAN COLONIAIv HISTORY. 67 

d. The Results of the Ordinance. 

1. On the growth and settlement of the West. 

2. On the Slavery contest: immediate and remote. 

3. Financial Problems. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 151; Sparks, sec. 37; Sumner, History of 
American Currency, 43-57; Sumner, Financier and Finances of 
the Am. Rev.; McMaster, U. S., I, 139-144, 187-200, 221-295, 356- 
570; Fiske, Critical Period, 163-177, 218-220. 

1. The Financial System. 

a. Situation during the Revolution. 

Hart, II, Nos. 207, 210. 

b. Provisions of the Articles. 

c. Failure of the system of Requisitions. 

2. Attempt to Amend the Articles. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 28. 

a. Five per cent, amendment, 1781: Defeated by Rhode Island. 
^h. The Revenue Scheme, 1783: Defeated by New York. 

3. Financial Difficulties in the States. 

a. Era of Paper Money: Trevett vs. Weeden. 

4. Financial Status in 1787-89. 

Elliot's Funding System. 

4. Commercial Relations. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, 153; Fiske, 134-163; Frothingham, 583-587; 
Curtis, Const., I, 276-290, 285-286; McMaster, U. S., I, chs, iii, iv. 

1. Foreign Commerce. 

a. Difficulty of negotiating treaties. 

b. Difficulty of enforcing treaties. 

c. Great Britain's discrimination against our trade. 

d. Commerce Amendment proposed to coerce Foreign Nations, 
1784: Failed. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 28. 

2. Domestic Commerce. 

a, "War of Imposts " between the States. 

b. Commercial Conventions: Virginia and Maryland. 

5. Failure and Impending Anarchy : " The Critical Period." 1786-87. 

I. The Growing Impotence of Congress. 



AMERICAN COIvONIAI, HISTORY. 

a. Lack of authority, coercive power and a fixed policy. 

b. The States heedless of Congress. 

2. Friction between the States: Danger of sectional unions. 

3. Internal Disorders within the States: Universal Discontent. 
a. Shay's Rebellion. 

4. The failure to amend the Articles. 
a. Suggests fundamental revision. 

5. The Problem before the Country: One or Thirteen? 



68 







1 V " V^' 












: .^'^ 



J 



V 



'.. V^^,\K,* '<^'' ^^. 



^ It 






-f ^Ji 



0~ v-"."' 









'\" 



* .A 



.0 o^ 












^\ ,ONC^ ^ 



.^.c 















A 



'^oo^ 






.^^ 












.->' '^^, 







* .'/t 
^^. 


^v^ 
•i*^ 

V 






* 


<.^^' 










,0' ^■ 



V s 9 » ^ *^ ' ') N < 






<';o av 



• .^^^ 



■^ c.'^ 
%%^ 



■ ^^ 



'•^^ 






.-^ 9^ W 






N'^- 



'5i^^ 









..0- 















.A>' •^. 



.•■^ 



-^^ 









V- v^ 






'<> *'..') N ^ ^,0 



0^ , 



rO 









^^..s^^' 
..s^ %, 






•xx^^' 



V 'P_ 









-^' 






•^^ v^ 



-:*•, 



.v^' 



^;>^ 









^0 °,. 

, •> * o ^ V. 






,0 



^ -* c|- M^^ 









.^ "^. 







^t. >^" 












'■^^ ^^ 



"-^^ 4 












